Problem: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is expressed in neutrophils and involved in innate immunity by sequestering iron. NGAL's ability to complex with matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and extend its gelatinolytic activity led us to investigate its role in pregnancies complicated by preterm birth (PTB) and intra-amniotic infection/inflammation (IAI).
Method of study: We assayed the amniotic fluid (AF) levels of NGAL and MMP-9 in 308 women that had a clinically indicated amniocentesis and a normal pregnancy outcome or PTB. qRT-PCR was employed to determine NGAL mRNA expression of placental villous trophoblast and amniochorion. Immunohistochemistry was used for cellular localization.
Results: AF NGAL levels were gestational age-regulated. Women with IAI and PTB had significantly higher levels of NGAL, MMP-9 and NGAL•MMP-9 complex.
Conclusion: The amniochorion is a source of NGAL and similarly to other inflammatory conditions, this protein may augment the collagenolytic effect of MMP-9 and modulate host-microbe interactions in pregnancies complicated by IAI.
Keywords: MMP-9; NGAL; NGAL/MMP-9 complex; intra-amniotic infection/inflammation.
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.