1 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
2 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
3 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA; Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Robert Wood Johnson Clinical Scholars Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: harlan.krumholz@yale.edu.