Evaluation of HODE-15, FDE-15, CDE-15, and BDE-15 toxicity on adult and embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2014 Dec;21(24):14047-57. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3322-9. Epub 2014 Jul 22.

Abstract

Diphenyl ether and its derivatives are widely used in the industry of spices, dyes, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Following the previous study, we selected 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether, 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, and 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether as research objects. The LC50 (96 h) values for these compounds in adult zebrafish were determined with the acute test. Also, developmental toxicities of the four substances to zebrafish embryos were observed at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hpf. All the LC50 (96 h) values of these compounds were between 1 and 10 mg/L, suggesting that they all had moderate toxicity to adult zebrafish. The embryonic test demonstrated that with increasing doses, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether decreased the hatching rate, while 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, and 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether delayed the hatching time but had little effect on final hatchability at 96 hpf. All of these compounds inhibited larval growth, especially 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether. Exposure to these chemicals induced embryo yolk sac and pericardial edema. Spine deformation was visible in hatched larvae after 96 hpf 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether exposure, while tail curvature was observed for the halogenated compounds. The overall results indicated that 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl ether, 4,4'-difluorodiphenyl ether, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyl ether, and 4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether all had significant toxicity on adult and embryonic zebrafish.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Embryo, Nonmammalian / drug effects*
  • Embryonic Development / drug effects
  • Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / chemistry
  • Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / toxicity*
  • Larva / drug effects
  • Larva / growth & development
  • Zebrafish / embryology*

Substances

  • Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers