Evaluation of the agonist PET radioligand [¹¹C]GR103545 to image kappa opioid receptor in humans: kinetic model selection, test-retest reproducibility and receptor occupancy by the antagonist PF-04455242

Neuroimage. 2014 Oct 1:99:69-79. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.033. Epub 2014 May 17.

Abstract

Introduction: Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) are implicated in several brain disorders. In this report, a first-in-human positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted with the potent and selective KOR agonist tracer, [(11)C]GR103545, to determine an appropriate kinetic model for analysis of PET imaging data and assess the test-retest reproducibility of model-derived binding parameters. The non-displaceable distribution volume (V(ND)) was estimated from a blocking study with naltrexone. In addition, KOR occupancy of PF-04455242, a selective KOR antagonist that is active in preclinical models of depression, was also investigated.

Methods: For determination of a kinetic model and evaluation of test-retest reproducibility, 11 subjects were scanned twice with [(11)C]GR103545. Seven subjects were scanned before and 75 min after oral administration of naltrexone (150 mg). For the KOR occupancy study, six subjects were scanned at baseline and 1.5 h and 8 h after an oral dose of PF-04455242 (15 mg, n=1 and 30 mg, n=5). Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured and all scans were 150 min in duration. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were analyzed with 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1TC and 2TC) and the multilinear analysis (MA1) method to derive regional volume of distribution (V(T)). Relative test-retest variability (TRV), absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) and intra-class coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess test-retest reproducibility of regional VT. Occupancy plots were computed for blocking studies to estimate occupancy and V(ND). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PF-04455242 was determined from occupancies and drug concentrations in plasma. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) was also estimated.

Results: Regional TACs were well described by the 2TC model and MA1. However, 2TC VT was sometimes estimated with high standard error. Thus MA1 was the model of choice. Test-retest variability was ~15%, depending on the outcome measure. The blocking studies with naltrexone and PF-04455242 showed that V(T) was reduced in all regions; thus no suitable reference region is available for the radiotracer. V(ND) was estimated reliably from the occupancy plot of naltrexone blocking (V(ND)=3.4±0.9 mL/cm(3)). The IC50 of PF-04455242 was calculated as 55 ng/mL. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) value was estimated as 0.069 nmol/L.

Conclusions: [(11)C]GR103545 PET can be used to image and quantify KOR in humans, although it has slow kinetics and variability of model-derived kinetic parameters is higher than desirable. This tracer should be suitable for use in receptor occupancy studies, particularly those that target high occupancy.

Keywords: (11)C-GR103545; Kappa opioid receptor; Occupancy plot; PF-04455242; Positron emission tomography (PET); Test–retest.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Adult
  • Biphenyl Compounds / pharmacokinetics*
  • Brain / diagnostic imaging
  • Brain / metabolism
  • Female
  • Humans
  • Kinetics
  • Male
  • Middle Aged
  • Models, Neurological
  • Naltrexone / pharmacology
  • Narcotic Antagonists / pharmacology
  • Piperazines* / pharmacokinetics
  • Positron-Emission Tomography
  • Pyrrolidines* / pharmacokinetics
  • Receptors, Opioid, kappa / antagonists & inhibitors
  • Receptors, Opioid, kappa / drug effects*
  • Receptors, Opioid, kappa / metabolism
  • Reproducibility of Results
  • Sulfonamides / pharmacokinetics*

Substances

  • 2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine
  • Biphenyl Compounds
  • Narcotic Antagonists
  • Piperazines
  • Pyrrolidines
  • Receptors, Opioid, kappa
  • Sulfonamides
  • GR 89696
  • Naltrexone