Beam-energy dependence of the directed flow of protons, antiprotons, and pions in Au+Au collisions

L Adamczyk; J K Adkins; G Agakishiev; M M Aggarwal; Z Ahammed; I Alekseev; J Alford; C D Anson; A Aparin; D Arkhipkin; E C Aschenauer; G S Averichev; A Banerjee; D R Beavis; R Bellwied; A Bhasin; A K Bhati; P Bhattarai; H Bichsel; J Bielcik; J Bielcikova; L C Bland; I G Bordyuzhin; W Borowski; J Bouchet; A V Brandin; S G Brovko; S Bültmann; I Bunzarov; T P Burton; J Butterworth; H Caines; M Calderón de la Barca Sánchez; D Cebra; R Cendejas; M C Cervantes; P Chaloupka; Z Chang; S Chattopadhyay; H F Chen; J H Chen; L Chen; J Cheng; M Cherney; A Chikanian; W Christie; J Chwastowski; M J M Codrington; G Contin; J G Cramer; H J Crawford; X Cui; S Das; A Davila Leyva; L C De Silva; R R Debbe; T G Dedovich; J Deng; A A Derevschikov; R Derradi de Souza; S Dhamija; B di Ruzza; L Didenko; C Dilks; F Ding; P Djawotho; X Dong; J L Drachenberg; J E Draper; C M Du; L E Dunkelberger; J C Dunlop; L G Efimov; J Engelage; K S Engle; G Eppley; L Eun; O Evdokimov; O Eyser; R Fatemi; S Fazio; J Fedorisin; P Filip; E Finch; Y Fisyak; C E Flores; C A Gagliardi; D R Gangadharan; D Garand; F Geurts; A Gibson; M Girard; S Gliske; L Greiner; D Grosnick; D S Gunarathne; Y Guo; A Gupta; S Gupta; W Guryn; B Haag; A Hamed; L-X Han; R Haque; J W Harris; S Heppelmann; A Hirsch; G W Hoffmann; D J Hofman; S Horvat; B Huang; H Z Huang; X Huang; P Huck; T J Humanic; G Igo; W W Jacobs; H Jang; E G Judd; S Kabana; D Kalinkin; K Kang; K Kauder; H W Ke; D Keane; A Kechechyan; A Kesich; Z H Khan; D P Kikola; I Kisel; A Kisiel; D D Koetke; T Kollegger; J Konzer; I Koralt; L Kotchenda; A F Kraishan; P Kravtsov; K Krueger; I Kulakov; L Kumar; R A Kycia; M A C Lamont; J M Landgraf; K D Landry; J Lauret; A Lebedev; R Lednicky; J H Lee; M J Levine; C Li; W Li; X Li; X Li; Y Li; Z M Li; M A Lisa; F Liu; T Ljubicic; W J Llope; M Lomnitz; R S Longacre; X Luo; G L Ma; Y G Ma; D M M D Madagodagettige Don; D P Mahapatra; R Majka; S Margetis; C Markert; H Masui; H S Matis; D McDonald; T S McShane; N G Minaev; S Mioduszewski; B Mohanty; M M Mondal; D A Morozov; M K Mustafa; B K Nandi; Md Nasim; T K Nayak; J M Nelson; G Nigmatkulov; L V Nogach; S Y Noh; J Novak; S B Nurushev; G Odyniec; A Ogawa; K Oh; A Ohlson; V Okorokov; E W Oldag; D L Olvitt Jr; M Pachr; B S Page; S K Pal; Y X Pan; Y Pandit; Y Panebratsev; T Pawlak; B Pawlik; H Pei; C Perkins; W Peryt; P Pile; M Planinic; J Pluta; N Poljak; J Porter; A M Poskanzer; N K Pruthi; M Przybycien; P R Pujahari; J Putschke; H Qiu; A Quintero; S Ramachandran; R Raniwala; S Raniwala; R L Ray; C K Riley; H G Ritter; J B Roberts; O V Rogachevskiy; J L Romero; J F Ross; A Roy; L Ruan; J Rusnak; O Rusnakova; N R Sahoo; P K Sahu; I Sakrejda; S Salur; J Sandweiss; E Sangaline; A Sarkar; J Schambach; R P Scharenberg; A M Schmah; W B Schmidke; N Schmitz; J Seger; P Seyboth; N Shah; E Shahaliev; P V Shanmuganathan; M Shao; B Sharma; W Q Shen; S S Shi; Q Y Shou; E P Sichtermann; R N Singaraju; M J Skoby; D Smirnov; N Smirnov; D Solanki; P Sorensen; H M Spinka; B Srivastava; T D S Stanislaus; J R Stevens; R Stock; M Strikhanov; B Stringfellow; M Sumbera; X Sun; X M Sun; Y Sun; Z Sun; B Surrow; D N Svirida; T J M Symons; M A Szelezniak; J Takahashi; A H Tang; Z Tang; T Tarnowsky; J H Thomas; A R Timmins; D Tlusty; M Tokarev; S Trentalange; R E Tribble; P Tribedy; B A Trzeciak; O D Tsai; J Turnau; T Ullrich; D G Underwood; G Van Buren; G van Nieuwenhuizen; M Vandenbroucke; J A Vanfossen Jr; R Varma; G M S Vasconcelos; A N Vasiliev; R Vertesi; F Videbæk; Y P Viyogi; S Vokal; A Vossen; M Wada; F Wang; G Wang; H Wang; J S Wang; X L Wang; Y Wang; Y Wang; G Webb; J C Webb; G D Westfall; H Wieman; S W Wissink; R Witt; Y F Wu; Z Xiao; W Xie; K Xin; H Xu; J Xu; N Xu; Q H Xu; Y Xu; Z Xu; W Yan; C Yang; Y Yang; Y Yang; Z Ye; P Yepes; L Yi; K Yip; I-K Yoo; N Yu; Y Zawisza; H Zbroszczyk; W Zha; J B Zhang; J L Zhang; S Zhang; X P Zhang; Y Zhang; Z P Zhang; F Zhao; J Zhao; C Zhong; X Zhu; Y H Zhu; Y Zoulkarneeva; M Zyzak; (STAR Collaboration)

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.162301

Beam-energy dependence of the directed flow of protons, antiprotons, and pions in Au+Au collisions

Phys Rev Lett. 2014 Apr 25;112(16):162301. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.162301. Epub 2014 Apr 23.

Authors

L Adamczyk¹, J K Adkins², G Agakishiev³, M M Aggarwal⁴, Z Ahammed⁵, I Alekseev⁶, J Alford⁷, C D Anson⁸, A Aparin³, D Arkhipkin⁹, E C Aschenauer⁹, G S Averichev³, A Banerjee⁵, D R Beavis⁹, R Bellwied¹⁰, A Bhasin¹¹, A K Bhati⁴, P Bhattarai¹², H Bichsel¹³, J Bielcik¹⁴, J Bielcikova¹⁵, L C Bland⁹, I G Bordyuzhin⁶, W Borowski¹⁶, J Bouchet⁷, A V Brandin¹⁷, S G Brovko¹⁸, S Bültmann¹⁹, I Bunzarov³, T P Burton⁹, J Butterworth²⁰, H Caines²¹, M Calderón de la Barca Sánchez¹⁸, D Cebra¹⁸, R Cendejas²², M C Cervantes²³, P Chaloupka¹⁴, Z Chang²³, S Chattopadhyay⁵, H F Chen²⁴, J H Chen²⁵, L Chen²⁶, J Cheng²⁷, M Cherney²⁸, A Chikanian²¹, W Christie⁹, J Chwastowski²⁹, M J M Codrington¹², G Contin³⁰, J G Cramer¹³, H J Crawford³¹, X Cui²⁴, S Das³², A Davila Leyva¹², L C De Silva²⁸, R R Debbe⁹, T G Dedovich³, J Deng³³, A A Derevschikov³⁴, R Derradi de Souza³⁵, S Dhamija³⁶, B di Ruzza⁹, L Didenko⁹, C Dilks²², F Ding¹⁸, P Djawotho²³, X Dong³⁰, J L Drachenberg³⁷, J E Draper¹⁸, C M Du³⁸, L E Dunkelberger³⁹, J C Dunlop⁹, L G Efimov³, J Engelage³¹, K S Engle⁴⁰, G Eppley²⁰, L Eun³⁰, O Evdokimov⁴¹, O Eyser⁹, R Fatemi², S Fazio⁹, J Fedorisin³, P Filip³, E Finch²¹, Y Fisyak⁹, C E Flores¹⁸, C A Gagliardi²³, D R Gangadharan⁸, D Garand⁴², F Geurts²⁰, A Gibson³⁷, M Girard⁴³, S Gliske⁴⁴, L Greiner³⁰, D Grosnick³⁷, D S Gunarathne⁴⁵, Y Guo²⁴, A Gupta¹¹, S Gupta¹¹, W Guryn⁹, B Haag¹⁸, A Hamed²³, L-X Han²⁵, R Haque⁴⁶, J W Harris²¹, S Heppelmann²², A Hirsch⁴², G W Hoffmann¹², D J Hofman⁴¹, S Horvat²¹, B Huang⁹, H Z Huang³⁹, X Huang²⁷, P Huck²⁶, T J Humanic⁸, G Igo³⁹, W W Jacobs³⁶, H Jang⁴⁷, E G Judd³¹, S Kabana¹⁶, D Kalinkin⁶, K Kang²⁷, K Kauder⁴¹, H W Ke⁹, D Keane⁷, A Kechechyan³, A Kesich¹⁸, Z H Khan⁴¹, D P Kikola⁴³, I Kisel⁴⁸, A Kisiel⁴³, D D Koetke³⁷, T Kollegger⁴⁸, J Konzer⁴², I Koralt¹⁹, L Kotchenda¹⁷, A F Kraishan⁴⁵, P Kravtsov¹⁷, K Krueger⁴⁴, I Kulakov⁴⁸, L Kumar⁴⁶, R A Kycia²⁹, M A C Lamont⁹, J M Landgraf⁹, K D Landry³⁹, J Lauret⁹, A Lebedev⁹, R Lednicky³, J H Lee⁹, M J Levine⁹, C Li²⁴, W Li²⁵, X Li⁴², X Li⁴⁵, Y Li²⁷, Z M Li²⁶, M A Lisa⁸, F Liu²⁶, T Ljubicic⁹, W J Llope²⁰, M Lomnitz⁷, R S Longacre⁹, X Luo²⁶, G L Ma²⁵, Y G Ma²⁵, D M M D Madagodagettige Don²⁸, D P Mahapatra³², R Majka²¹, S Margetis⁷, C Markert¹², H Masui³⁰, H S Matis³⁰, D McDonald¹⁰, T S McShane²⁸, N G Minaev³⁴, S Mioduszewski²³, B Mohanty⁴⁶, M M Mondal²³, D A Morozov³⁴, M K Mustafa³⁰, B K Nandi⁴⁹, Md Nasim⁴⁶, T K Nayak⁵, J M Nelson⁵⁰, G Nigmatkulov¹⁷, L V Nogach³⁴, S Y Noh⁴⁷, J Novak⁵¹, S B Nurushev³⁴, G Odyniec³⁰, A Ogawa⁹, K Oh⁵², A Ohlson²¹, V Okorokov¹⁷, E W Oldag¹², D L Olvitt Jr⁴⁵, M Pachr¹⁴, B S Page³⁶, S K Pal⁵, Y X Pan³⁹, Y Pandit⁴¹, Y Panebratsev³, T Pawlak⁴³, B Pawlik⁵³, H Pei²⁶, C Perkins³¹, W Peryt⁴³, P Pile⁹, M Planinic⁵⁴, J Pluta⁴³, N Poljak⁵⁴, J Porter³⁰, A M Poskanzer³⁰, N K Pruthi⁴, M Przybycien¹, P R Pujahari⁴⁹, J Putschke⁵⁵, H Qiu³⁰, A Quintero⁷, S Ramachandran², R Raniwala⁵⁶, S Raniwala⁵⁶, R L Ray¹², C K Riley²¹, H G Ritter³⁰, J B Roberts²⁰, O V Rogachevskiy³, J L Romero¹⁸, J F Ross²⁸, A Roy⁵, L Ruan⁹, J Rusnak¹⁵, O Rusnakova¹⁴, N R Sahoo²³, P K Sahu³², I Sakrejda³⁰, S Salur³⁰, J Sandweiss²¹, E Sangaline¹⁸, A Sarkar⁴⁹, J Schambach¹², R P Scharenberg⁴², A M Schmah³⁰, W B Schmidke⁹, N Schmitz⁵⁷, J Seger²⁸, P Seyboth⁵⁷, N Shah³⁹, E Shahaliev³, P V Shanmuganathan⁷, M Shao²⁴, B Sharma⁴, W Q Shen²⁵, S S Shi³⁰, Q Y Shou²⁵, E P Sichtermann³⁰, R N Singaraju⁵, M J Skoby³⁶, D Smirnov⁹, N Smirnov²¹, D Solanki⁵⁶, P Sorensen⁹, H M Spinka⁴⁴, B Srivastava⁴², T D S Stanislaus³⁷, J R Stevens⁵⁸, R Stock⁴⁸, M Strikhanov¹⁷, B Stringfellow⁴², M Sumbera¹⁵, X Sun³⁰, X M Sun³⁰, Y Sun²⁴, Z Sun³⁸, B Surrow⁴⁵, D N Svirida⁶, T J M Symons³⁰, M A Szelezniak³⁰, J Takahashi³⁵, A H Tang⁹, Z Tang²⁴, T Tarnowsky⁵¹, J H Thomas³⁰, A R Timmins¹⁰, D Tlusty¹⁵, M Tokarev³, S Trentalange³⁹, R E Tribble²³, P Tribedy⁵, B A Trzeciak¹⁴, O D Tsai³⁹, J Turnau⁵³, T Ullrich⁹, D G Underwood⁴⁴, G Van Buren⁹, G van Nieuwenhuizen⁵⁸, M Vandenbroucke⁴⁵, J A Vanfossen Jr⁷, R Varma⁴⁹, G M S Vasconcelos³⁵, A N Vasiliev³⁴, R Vertesi¹⁵, F Videbæk⁹, Y P Viyogi⁵, S Vokal³, A Vossen³⁶, M Wada¹², F Wang⁴², G Wang³⁹, H Wang⁹, J S Wang³⁸, X L Wang²⁴, Y Wang²⁷, Y Wang⁴¹, G Webb², J C Webb⁹, G D Westfall⁵¹, H Wieman³⁰, S W Wissink³⁶, R Witt⁴⁰, Y F Wu²⁶, Z Xiao²⁷, W Xie⁴², K Xin²⁰, H Xu³⁸, J Xu²⁶, N Xu³⁰, Q H Xu³³, Y Xu²⁴, Z Xu⁹, W Yan²⁷, C Yang²⁴, Y Yang³⁸, Y Yang²⁶, Z Ye⁴¹, P Yepes²⁰, L Yi⁴², K Yip⁹, I-K Yoo⁵², N Yu²⁶, Y Zawisza²⁴, H Zbroszczyk⁴³, W Zha²⁴, J B Zhang²⁶, J L Zhang³³, S Zhang²⁵, X P Zhang²⁷, Y Zhang²⁴, Z P Zhang²⁴, F Zhao³⁹, J Zhao²⁶, C Zhong²⁵, X Zhu²⁷, Y H Zhu²⁵, Y Zoulkarneeva³, M Zyzak⁴⁸; (STAR Collaboration)

Affiliations

¹ AGH University of Science and Technology, Cracow, Poland.
² University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0055, USA.
³ Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141 980, Russia.
⁴ Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
⁵ Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, Kolkata 700064, India.
⁶ Alikhanov Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia.
⁷ Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA.
⁸ Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
⁹ Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
¹⁰ University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA.
¹¹ University of Jammu, Jammu 180001, India.
¹² University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
¹³ University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
¹⁴ Czech Technical University in Prague, FNSPE, Prague 115 19, Czech Republic.
¹⁵ Nuclear Physics Institute AS CR, 250 68 Řež/Prague, Czech Republic.
¹⁶ SUBATECH, Nantes, France.
¹⁷ Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Moscow, Russia.
¹⁸ University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA.
¹⁹ Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA.
²⁰ Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251, USA.
²¹ Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
²² Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA.
²³ Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
²⁴ University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
²⁵ Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Shanghai 201800, China.
²⁶ Central China Normal University (HZNU), Wuhan 430079, China.
²⁷ Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
²⁸ Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska 68178, USA.
²⁹ Cracow University of Technology, Cracow, Poland.
³⁰ Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³¹ University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
³² Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
³³ Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
³⁴ Institute of High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia.
³⁵ Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
³⁶ Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47408, USA.
³⁷ Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana 46383, USA.
³⁸ Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China.
³⁹ University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
⁴⁰ United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, 21402, USA.
⁴¹ University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
⁴² Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
⁴³ Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
⁴⁴ Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA.
⁴⁵ Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, USA.
⁴⁶ National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar 751005, India.
⁴⁷ Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon, Korea.
⁴⁸ Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies FIAS, Germany.
⁴⁹ Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India.
⁵⁰ University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
⁵¹ Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.
⁵² Pusan National University, Pusan, Republic of Korea.
⁵³ Institute of Nuclear Physics PAN, Cracow, Poland.
⁵⁴ University of Zagreb, Zagreb HR-10002, Croatia.
⁵⁵ Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
⁵⁶ University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, India.
⁵⁷ Max-Planck-Institut für Physik, Munich, Germany.
⁵⁸ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, USA.

PMID: 24815640
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.162301

Abstract

Rapidity-odd directed flow (v1) measurements for charged pions, protons, and antiprotons near midrapidity (y=0) are reported in sNN=7.7, 11.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV Au+Au collisions as recorded by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. At intermediate impact parameters, the proton and net-proton slope parameter dv1/dy|y=0 shows a minimum between 11.5 and 19.6 GeV. In addition, the net-proton dv1/dy|y=0 changes sign twice between 7.7 and 39 GeV. The proton and net-proton results qualitatively resemble predictions of a hydrodynamic model with a first-order phase transition from hadronic matter to deconfined matter, and differ from hadronic transport calculations.