The relationship of major depressive disorder and gender to changes in smoking for current and former smokers: longitudinal evaluation in the US population

Aims: Although depression and smoking are correlated highly, the relationship of major depressive disorder (MDD) to smoking cessation and relapse remains unclear. This study compared changes in smoking for current and former smokers with and without current and life-time MDD over a 3-year period.

Design: Analysis of two waves of longitudinal data from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (wave 1, 2001-02; wave 2, 2004-05).

Setting: Data were collected through face-to-face interviews from non-institutionalized United States civilians, aged 18 years and older, in 50 states and the District of Columbia.

Participants: A total of 11 973 adults (54% male) classified as current or former daily smokers at wave 1 and completed wave 2.

Measurements: Classification as current or former smokers at wave 1 and wave 2.

Findings: Smoking status remained stable for most participants. Wave 1 current daily smokers with current MDD [odds ratio (OR) = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.85] and life-time MDD (OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.15, 2.01) were more likely than those without the respective diagnosis to report continued smoking at wave 2. Wave 1 former daily smokers with current MDD (OR = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.26, 0.76) were less likely to report continued abstinence at wave 2. None of the gender × MDD diagnosis interactions were significant. Patterns of results remained similar when analyses were limited to smokers with nicotine dependence.

Conclusions: Current and life-time major depressive disorders are associated with a lower likelihood of quitting smoking and current major depressive disorder is associated with greater likelihood of smoking relapse.