Frame-shifts of digit identity in bird evolution and Cyclopamine-treated wings

Evol Dev. 2009 Mar-Apr;11(2):163-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2009.00317.x.

Abstract

A highly conserved spatio-temporal pattern of cartilage formation reveals that the digits of the bird wing develop from positions that become digits 2, 3, and 4 in other amniotes. However, the morphology of the digits of early birds like Archaeopteryx corresponds to that of digits 1, 2, and 3 of other archosaurs. A hypothesis is that a homeotic "frame-shift" occurred, such that in the bird wing, digits 1, 2, and 3 develop from the embryological positions of digits 2, 3, and 4. Experimental homeotic transformations of single digits are well-documented, but frame-shifts of more than one digit are not. We investigated the pattern of cartilage formation in the development of Cyclopamine-treated wings. When Cyclopamine was applied between stages 18 and 21, morphologies that normally develop from positions 2 and 3 developed from positions 3 and 4. The serial shift of digit identity toward posterior confirms a mechanistic possibility that was previously inferred from the evolutionary history of birds.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
  • Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

MeSH terms

  • Alligators and Crocodiles
  • Animals
  • Birds / genetics*
  • Birds / physiology*
  • Body Patterning / genetics
  • Cartilage / metabolism
  • Cartilage / physiology
  • Evolution, Molecular
  • Frameshift Mutation
  • Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
  • Homeodomain Proteins / genetics
  • Mice
  • Phenotype
  • Time Factors
  • Veratrum Alkaloids / pharmacology*
  • Wings, Animal / anatomy & histology*
  • Wings, Animal / physiology

Substances

  • Homeodomain Proteins
  • Veratrum Alkaloids
  • cyclopamine