In this random-assignment trial, we evaluated the efficacy of using a contingency management (CM) intervention to enhance job acquisition and tenure among participants of a vocational rehabilitation (VR) program. The CM intervention offered participants cash incentives up to $1,170 for completing tasks related to sobriety and job search and maintenance. Participants were 100 veterans with comorbid psychiatric disorders and substance dependence who were randomly assigned either to VR only or VR + CM. Relative to participants in the VR-only group, those in the VR + CM group showed more intense job searches and transitioned to competitive employment faster and at higher rates. No significant difference was found in job tenure, though this may be due to the limited follow-up period. Abstinence rates were significantly better in the VR + CM group during the first 16 weeks of follow-up but not significantly different in subsequent follow-ups. No relationship was found between relapse and employment. These results suggest that rehabilitation outcomes may be enhanced by adding CM to current programming or by restructuring traditional work-for-pay contingencies to include direct financial rewards for achievement of clinical goals.