Modern treatments for cancers of the reproductive age are yielding ever-higher cure rates, but more often than not, the price paid for survival is the loss of reproductive function from gonadal toxicity. Alkylating agents and ionizing radiation have well-recognized deleterious effects within the testes and ovary and cause sterility in a high proportion of patients exposed to these treatments. Preservation of fertility for men simply involves the banking of sperm before treatment, but for women, the storage of gametes is technically very complex and has limited success. Even when faced with the diagnosis of cancer, many reproductive-aged women are burdened by the possibility of never conceiving a child with their own eggs. Fertility preservation for the reproductive-age women with cancer is emerging as a challenging, but rewarding, application of assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization. With recent advances in cryopreservation techniques, oocytes, embryos, and ovarian tissue can be banked from these patients before exposure to sterilizing chemotherapy and radiotherapy, providing future fertility options without compromising survival.