This study investigated the relationships of health beliefs and HIV/AIDS knowledge with frequency of condom use among women of childbearing age in four major Indian cities. Surveys were completed by 210 women attending six primary health care centers. Among the sexually active women (N = 139), 68% noted rare or no use of condoms during intercourse. Perceived benefits (p < .05) and normative efficacy in requesting condom use (p = .01) were related to a greater frequency of condom use. About 54% of women knew that breast milk could transmit HIV, but fewer than a third were aware that an HIV-positive mother does not always infect her infant at delivery. Most participants endorsed HIV testing for women prior to pregnancy. Approximately three fourths of participants advocated abortion for HIV-seropositive pregnant women. Intervention efforts may benefit from dispelling misconceptions about AIDS (particularly regarding vertical transmission), emphasizing perceived benefits and women's efficacy in requesting condom use, increasing the availability of HIV testing, and highlighting choices for seropositive women of reproductive age as alternatives to abortion.