This study involved 1,564 black or white patients diagnosed in 1992 to 1997 with non-small-cell lung cancer, reported to the population-based Connecticut Tumor Registry, who were linked with a statewide hospital discharge database that provided information on comorbid conditions. While only 11.4 percent of patients did not receive surgical treatment (lung resection), this proportion increased with rising age and was higher among patients who resided in a census tract in the highest poverty-rate quintile, were black, not married and had one or more selected comorbid conditions. These associations persisted in logistic regression models that included all of the variables as predictors of surgery. Studies are needed to explain these disparities.