The subject of infection control in dentistry has aroused much controversy and debate during the past decade as a result of the global spread of the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Consequently a number of regulatory bodies have promulgated guidelines for infection control in dentistry and the current consensus is that the 'universal infection control' policy--which considers every patient as infectious--should be the norm in every dental practice. The reasons for this are the asymptomatic carriage of pathogens due to the sub-clinical nature, the prodromal period and the carrier state associated with a number of diseases. The universal infection control rules should encompass six elements: routine patient evaluation, personal protection with barrier techniques, instrument sterilisation including sterilisation control, surface and equipment disinfection, asepsis in the laboratory and appropriate disposal of contaminated waste including sharps. Finally, practitioners should attempt to keep abreast of the rules and regulations related to the subject of infection control in dentistry which are continuously evolving due to the steadily increasing data pool on infectious diseases and their modes of prevention.