1 Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
2 Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing, China.
3 School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
4 College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
5 School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
6 College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
7 Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
8 Institute of Public Safety Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
9 Baidu Research, Baidu, Beijing, China.
10 Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
11 School of Business, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
12 School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
13 Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; The Bartlett School of Construction and Project Management, Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
14 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China; Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
15 Department of Statistics and Data Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
16 Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
17 School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
18 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
19 Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
20 Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, UK.
21 State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
22 Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
23 State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
24 Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China; Shandong University Climate Change and Health Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
25 Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, UK.
26 School of Humanities, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
27 State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
28 People's Bank of China School of Finance, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Research Center for Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
29 School of Computer Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
30 School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
31 Rutgers Business School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
32 Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
33 Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
34 School of Economics and Management, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Programme, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
35 The State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
36 Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. Electronic address: penggong@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn.