Abstract
The recent successes of immune check point targeting therapies in treating cancer patients has driven a resurgence of interest in targeting these pathways in chronically infected patients. While still in early stages, basic and clinical data suggest that blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 can be beneficial in the treatment of chronic HIV, HBV, and HCV infection, as well as other chronic maladies. Furthermore, novel inhibitory receptors such as Tim-3, LAG-3, and TIGIT are the potential next wave of check points that can be manipulated for the treatment of chronic infection. Blockade of these pathways influences more than simply T cell responses, and may provide new therapeutic options for chronically infected patients.
Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
MeSH terms
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Animals
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Antibodies, Monoclonal / therapeutic use*
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Antigens, CD / metabolism
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CTLA-4 Antigen / immunology*
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Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors / immunology*
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HIV-1 / immunology*
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Hepacivirus / immunology*
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Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2 / metabolism
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Hepatitis B virus / immunology*
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Humans
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Immunotherapy / methods*
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Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein
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Molecular Targeted Therapy
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor / immunology*
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Receptors, Immunologic / metabolism
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Virus Diseases / immunology
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Virus Diseases / therapy*
Substances
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Antibodies, Monoclonal
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Antigens, CD
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CTLA-4 Antigen
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Costimulatory and Inhibitory T-Cell Receptors
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HAVCR2 protein, human
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Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2
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PDCD1 protein, human
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Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
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Receptors, Immunologic
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TIGIT protein, human
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Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3 Protein