The present report describes the case of a 29-year-old man referred to our service for TMJ pain and progressive reduction of the mouth opening. Differential diagnostics included rheumatologic diseases, monoarthritis and intraarticular lumps. In this line, a face CT scan and a MRI of TMJ were carried out in order to ensure a proper diagnosis. These tests showed a solid lesion into the joint cavity. In view of that, we decided to perform a diagnostic and therapeutic arthroscopy of TMJ. Histopathological studies confirmed the diagnosis of pigmented villonodular synovitis. The main aim of this report is to describe this rare syndrome with the goal of proposing suitable treatments. Moreover, we highlight the benefits of using arthroscopic procedures in the cases which the tumor is still confined to the joint. As far as we are aware, scientific literature documents only a single case of pigmented villonodular synovitis of TMJ treated with arthroscopic approach. Key words:Arthroscopic approach, pigmented villonodular synovitis, TMJ, mouth opening.