This paper demonstrated our recent use of contrast-enhanced MRI, diffusion tensor/kurtosis imaging, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and functional MRI techniques, for in vivo and global assessments of the structure, metabolism and function of the visual system in rodent studies of ocular diseases, optic neuropathies, developmental plasticity and neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury at 7T. Results suggested the significant values of high-field multiparametric MRI for uncovering the processes and mechanisms of developmental and pathophysiological changes systematically along both anterior and posterior visual pathways, and may provide early diagnoses and therapeutic strategies for promoting functional recovery upon partial vision loss.