The RASopathies: developmental syndromes of Ras/MAPK pathway dysregulation

Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2009 Jun;19(3):230-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.04.001. Epub 2009 May 19.

Abstract

The Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is essential in the regulation of the cell cycle, differentiation, growth and cell senescence, all of which are critical to normal development. It is therefore not surprising that its dysregulation has profound effects on development. A class of developmental syndromes, the 'RASopathies', is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the Ras/MAPK pathway. The vast majority of these mutations result in increased signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, but usually to a lesser extent than somatic mutations associated with oncogenesis. Each syndrome exhibits unique phenotypic features, however, since they all cause dysregulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway, there are numerous overlapping phenotypic features between the syndromes, including characteristic facial features, cardiac defects, cutaneous abnormalities, neurocognitive delay and a predisposition to malignancies. Here we review the clinical and underlying molecular basis for each of these syndromes.

Publication types

  • Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
  • Review

MeSH terms

  • Animals
  • Germ-Line Mutation
  • Humans
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / genetics
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / metabolism*
  • Models, Biological
  • Noonan Syndrome / genetics
  • Noonan Syndrome / pathology
  • Noonan Syndrome / physiopathology
  • SOS1 Protein / genetics
  • SOS1 Protein / metabolism
  • Signal Transduction / genetics
  • Signal Transduction / physiology*
  • Syndrome
  • ras Proteins / genetics
  • ras Proteins / metabolism*

Substances

  • SOS1 Protein
  • Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases
  • ras Proteins