Towards building a photo-realistic virtual human face for craniomaxillofacial diagnosis and treatment planning

Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2007 May;36(5):423-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2007.02.003. Epub 2007 Apr 10.

Abstract

The aim of this investigation was to assess the feasibility of building a virtual human face digitally by superimposing a photo-realistic three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue surface on bone in the correct relationship and evaluating the registration errors associated with this method. The 3D soft-tissue surface of the face was captured using a fast stereophotogrammetry method and the underlying bone was recorded using a 3D computed tomography (CT) scanner. Using the Procrustes registration method, the outer surface of the 3D CT scan and the photo-realistic soft-tissue surfaces were merged into a single Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) file and displayed using a standard VRML viewer. Quantitative measurements of registration errors were calculated in the reconstructed human head models using the signed closest point distance from the photo-realistic skin surface to the transformed CT skin surface. The registration errors between most parts of the aligned surfaces were within +/-1.5mm. The errors were relatively large around the eyebrows, eyelids and cheeks. Simultaneous recording of the face and skull may reduce this error.

Publication types

  • Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't

MeSH terms

  • Cephalometry
  • Cheek / anatomy & histology
  • Computer Simulation*
  • Data Display
  • Eyebrows / anatomy & histology
  • Eyelids / anatomy & histology
  • Face / anatomy & histology*
  • Facial Bones / anatomy & histology
  • Feasibility Studies
  • Humans
  • Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / methods
  • Imaging, Three-Dimensional / methods
  • Models, Anatomic*
  • Oral Surgical Procedures*
  • Patient Care Planning*
  • Photogrammetry / instrumentation
  • Photogrammetry / methods
  • Skull / anatomy & histology
  • Tomography, Spiral Computed / methods
  • User-Computer Interface*