Previous measurements of soil contamination by Caesium-137 (137Cs) in Hong Kong have been used both to estimate background levels prior to the construction of the Guangdong Nuclear Power Station (GNPS) at Daya Bay and to evaluate health hazards arising from the radionuclide. These measurements are reviewed and contrasted with recent advances in understanding of 137Cs distribution in soil. Preliminary research findings are used to illustrate the microscale variability of 137Cs in the Hong Kong environment and to suggest intrasite sampling methods for establishing suitable reference values.