PMC

Overall placebo and treatment response. (A) Forest plot overall placebo response dpl = -1.85; z = -3.42; p < 0.001; [CI 95%, -2.9 to -0.79]; I² = 86.22%. (1) ES = effect size (cohen’s d). (2) Singh et al., 2016b (): pl1 = first placebo group pl2 = second placebo group. (B) Forest plot overall treatment response dtr = -2.57; z =-6.36; p < 0.001; [CI 95% -3.36 to -1.78]; I² = 58.51%. (1) ES = effect size (cohen’s d). (2) Takahashi et al. (),: d1 = 28 mg esketamine; d2 = 56 mg esketamine; d3 = 84mg esketamine. (3) Singh et al., 2016b (): f1 = 2 x week; f2 = 3 x week. (4) Singh et al., 2016a (): d1 = 0.2 mg/kg esketamine; d2 = 0.4 mg/kg esketamine. (5) Milak et al. (),: d1 = 0.4 mg/kg ketamine; d2 = 0.5 mg/kg ketamine. (6) Daly et al., 2018 (): d1 = 28 mg esketamine; d2 = 56 mg esketamine; d3 = 84mg esketamine.

Changes in vital signs during fiberoptic bronchoscopy. The box-whisker plots show the comparison of changes between two groups before general anesthesia (Before), after giving of anesthetics and before nasopharyngeal tube insertion (Administration), after nasopharyngeal tube insertion (Nasopharyngeal tube insertion), and at the end of examination (End of examination). A Comparison of changes in oxygen saturation during fiberoptic bronchoscopy between the remifentanil and esketamine groups. B Comparison of changes in systolic pressure during fiberoptic bronchoscopy between the remifentanil and esketamine groups. C Comparison of changes in diastolic pressure during fiberoptic bronchoscopy between the remifentanil and esketamine groups. D Comparison of changes in mean arterial pressure during fiberoptic bronchoscopy between the remifentanil and esketamine groups. E Comparison of changes in heart rate during fiberoptic bronchoscopy between the remifentanil and esketamine groups. F Comparison of changes in respiratory rate during fiberoptic bronchoscopy between the remifentanil and esketamine groups. Data are mean ± SD. n = 42 in each group

a Urinary free haemoglobin concentration (blue = positive, > 0 nmol/l; red = negative, 0 nmol/l) prior to esketamine administration over the time course of multiple esketamine treatments. b Urinary protein concentration (blue = positive, > 0 g/l; red = negative, 0 g/l) prior to esketamine administration over the time course of multiple esketamine treatments

a Estimated marginal means of urine erythrocytes in Mpt/l prior to esketamine administration over the time course of multiple (x-axis) esketamine treatments, removing individual outliers for each patient of the 3* IQR. Values corrected for gender. Error bars: standard deviation. b Estimated marginal means of urine leukocytes in Mpt/l prior to esketamine administration over the time course of multiple (x-axis) esketamine treatments, removing individual outliers for each patient of the 3* IQR. Values corrected for gender. Error bars: standard deviation