PMC

Extraction of PVpv and endogenous PV from the stool extracts by PVR-IgG2a-sensitized magnetic nanobeads. (A) Extraction of PV1pv exogenously added to the stool extracts derived from polio cases. The indicated amounts of the beads were added to the stool extracts containing PV1pv (10,000 IU in 100 μl) and were then incubated at 4°C for 1 h. The beads were collected with a magnetic separator, and then the titer of PV1pv remaining in the supernatant was measured. Infectivity of PV1pv in the stool extracts without the beads is also shown (black bars). The efficiency of extraction (%) by the beads and PV1pv infection (%) in the stool extracts (the final concentration of the stool extracts was 5% [vol/vol]) are shown. The infectivity of PV1pv in the cell culture medium without the stool extracts was taken as 100%. (B) Extraction of endogenous PVs from the stool extracts derived from polio cases. PV-positive stool extracts were treated with or without the indicated amounts of the beads, and then the residual infectivity of the extracts was analyzed in L20B cells. The cells were observed for CPE for 5 days after inoculation. CPE scores of +1, +2, +3, and +4 indicate the appearance of CPE in approximately 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the cells, respectively. PV1(Sabin) of the indicated titer was inoculated into the cells as a control. p.i., postinfection. (C) Extraction of PV3pv exogenously added to the stool extracts derived from AFP cases. Four microliters of the beads was added to the stool extracts containing PV3pv (20,000 IU in 100 μl) and was then incubated at 4°C for 1 h. The beads were collected with a magnetic separator, and then the titer of PV3pv remaining in the supernatant was measured. Infectivity of PV3pv in the stool extracts without the beads is also shown. The efficiency of extraction (%) by the beads and PV3pv infection (%) in the stool extracts without the beads (the final concentration of the stool extracts was 5% [vol/vol]) are shown. The infectivity of PV3pv in the cell culture medium without the stool extracts was taken as 100%. The numbers of the samples above or below 90% extraction are shown.

A. The tested blood, and the concomitant stool were both positive. B. The tested blood was positive, while the concomitant stool was negative. C. The tested blood was negative, while the concomitant stool was positive. D. The tested blood, and the concomitant stool were both negative. The four possible combinations of positivity and negativity of stool and blood are shown, each exemplified by ten individuals. Typical situations are shown. Concomitant is a stool sample taken within the interval 30 days before to 15 days after the tested blood. The graphs show the life lines of the infants during their first year of life. Each line denotes one child. The children are aligned by birth (asterisk), the horizontal axis shows age (yrs). The triangles are blood samples: full black, positive already in the first PCR round; dark grey, positive in the second round of PCR; empty, negative. The circles correspond to the stool samples: full circles, stool with more than 10 000 enterovirus copies per µl RNA; lower half-circles, stool positive up to 10 000 copies per µl RNA; empty circles, stool negative or with a trace of enterovirus up to 10 copies per µl.

At a glance. Barium enema (BE) (brown solid) and colonoscopy (BE + COL) (brown dotted), Capsule endoscopy (CapEndo) (green solid), Computerised-tomography colonography (CTC) (grey solid), Computerised-tomography colonography followed by colonoscopy (CTC→COL), Colonoscopy (COL) (red solid), Narrow-band imaging (NBI) (purple dotted), No intervention (black solid). Sigmoidoscopy (SIG) (turquoise solid). Sigmoidoscopy combined with barium enema (SIG + BE) (olive green dashed). Stool tests (blue solid). Stool tests combined with BE (stool tests + BE) (brown solide). Stool tests combined with COL (stool tests + COL) (red dotted), Stool tests combined with SIG (stool tests + SIG) (turquoise dotted), ‘+’ combination of tests,‘→’ sequence of test.

Distribution of C_T values for the Campylobacter genus (C16S_Lvl) and A. butzleri mPCR-positive stool specimens. White bars represent stool specimens that were C. jejuni/C. coli PCR positive. Black bars represent C16S_Lund mPCR-positive specimens, and gray bars represent additional C16S_Lvl mPCR-positive specimens. Hatched bars represent A. butzleri mPCR-positive stool specimens.