PMC

(a) J–V curves (reverse voltage scan) measured for the most efficient small-area (active area = 0.09 cm²) mesoscopic C-PSC using graphene-doped ETLs and Au-based reference. The inset panel shows power density vs voltage plots measured for the same devices; (b–d) statistics of the PV figures of merit measured in the reverse voltage scan mode for the small-area (active area = 0.09 cm²) mesoscopic C-PSCs using graphene-doped ETLs and Au-based references: V_oc (b), J_sc (c), FF (d), and PCE (e). (f) IPCE spectra for representative small-area (active area = 0.09 cm²) mesoscopic C-PSC using graphene-doped ETLs and Au-based reference. (g) J–V curves (reverse voltage scan) measured for the most efficient large-area (active area = 1 cm²) mesoscopic C-PSC using graphene-doped ETLs and Au-based reference. The inset panel shows power density vs voltage plots measured for the same devices. (h) J–V curves (reverse voltage scan) measured for the most efficient large-area (active area = 1 cm²) low-temperature-processed planar C-PSC and Au-based reference. The inset panel shows power density vs voltage plots measured for the same devices. (i) Statistics of the PCE data measured in the reverse scan mode for the large-area (1 cm²) mesoscopic and planar C-PSCs and Au-based references.

The left images are the active echo spot and the reference frame at 58 V driven voltage. In the right images, the driven voltage is reduced to 20 V. The echo intensity is dimmer on the right image; a lower SNR and CNR is expected.

Simplified voltage waveforms of the active voltage doubler for the theoretical PCE analysis.

Voltage responses of the Hodgkin–Huxley-type model to large and small current pulses. (a) (Top) Voltage responses evoked by large injected current pulses into the photoreceptor membrane model with active DRs (black, solid) or into the passive photoreceptor membrane model (black, dashed) in dark-adapted conditions. (Bottom) The set of current pulses that evoked the voltage responses. (b) (Top) Voltage responses evoked by small injected current pulses into the photoreceptor with active DRs (black, solid) or the passive photoreceptor (black, dashed) at rest. (Bottom) The set of current pulses that evoked the voltage responses. (c) (Top) At high light intensities that depolarize the photoreceptor to − 40 mV, injected current pulses evoke small voltage responses from the active photoreceptor containing voltage-dependent K⁺ conductances (black, solid) and from a passive photoreceptor (black, dashed). (Bottom) The set of current pulses that evoked the voltage responses.