PMC

The Z-curve data representing the distribution of purine to pyrimidine (RY disparity) and amino to keto (MK disparity) bases of the (a) Sulfolobus islandicus L.S.2.15 genome, (b) Sulfolobus islandicus M.16.4 genome, (c) Sulfolobus islandicus M.14.25 genome, (d) Sulfolobus islandicus M.16.27 genome, (e) Sulfolobus islandicus Y.G.57.14 genome, and the (f) Sulfolobus islandicus Y.N.15.51 genome. Black lines denote the distribution of purine to pyrimidine bases and gray lines denote the distribution of amino to keto bases throughout the genome. Dashed vertical lines indicate the predicted location of origins of replication.

Impacts of SSV9 challenge on isolates from geothermal regions in Kamchatka. Isolates of Sulfolobales from geothermal regions of the Kamchatka peninsula were infected with SSV9. Sulfolobus sp. strain GV was derived from the same hot spring region as the host from which SSV9 was derived. Sulfolobus sp. strain GV is considered a sympatric host. Sulfolobus sp. strain MU was also derived from the Kamchatka peninsula but from a geothermal region approximately 256 km to the southwest of Geyser Valley. Sulfolobus sp. strain MU is quasi-sympatric to Sulfolobus sp. strain GV. (A) Sulfolobus sp. strain MU growth curves for SSV9-infected cultures exhibit no significant changes in μ_max compared to the uninfected control curves. (B) Sulfolobus sp. strain GV host growth curves for SSV9-infected cultures resemble canonical non-lytic replication.

Timeline of thermoacidophile isolations and major events. Timeline contains the organism's name at the time of the associated event. The following are the current classifications: Sulfolobus brierleyi (f. Acidianus brierleyi), Saccharolobus solfataricus (f. Sulfolobus solfataricus), Acidianus ambivalens (f. Desulfurolobus ambivalens), Saccharolobus shibatae (f. Sulfolobus shibatae) Sulfuracidifex metallicus (f. Sulfolobus metallicus), Metallosphaera hakonensis (f. Sulfolobus hakonensis), Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (f. Sulfolobus tokodaii) and Saccharolobus islandicus (f. Sulfolobus islandicus).

(A) Arabinose-induced Sulfolobus PH1-16 cultures overexpressing c92 protein harvested at 44 h after induction (arrows point to pyramid structures). (B) Galactose-repressed Sulfolobus PH1-16 cells harvested at 44 h after repression. (C) Immunolocalization of overexpressed c92 in Sulfolobus PH1-16 showing localization to pyramid-like lysis structures (red arrows indicate gold particles on pyramid structure, and black arrows indicate internal membrane structures near the base of the pyramids). (D) Immunolocalization of overexpressed c92 in Sulfolobus PH1-16 showing localization to internal membranes (black arrows indicate internal membrane structure and red arrows indicate gold particles). (E) Galactose-repressed Sulfolobus cells showing no gold particles. Bars, 250 nm (A and B) or 100 nm (C to E).