TSPO translocator protein [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene

Summary

Official Symbol: TSPOprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name: translocator proteinprovided by HGNC
Primary source: HGNC:HGNC:1158
See related: Ensembl:ENSG00000100300 MIM:109610; AllianceGenome:HGNC:1158
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Homo sapiens
Lineage: Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as: DBI; IBP; MBR; PBR; PBS; BPBS; BZRP; PKBS; PTBR; mDRC; pk18; TSPO1
Summary: Present mainly in the mitochondrial compartment of peripheral tissues, the protein encoded by this gene interacts with some benzodiazepines and has different affinities than its endogenous counterpart. The protein is a key factor in the flow of cholesterol into mitochondria to permit the initiation of steroid hormone synthesis. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been reported; one of the variants lacks an internal exon and is considered non-coding, and the other variants encode the same protein. [provided by RefSeq, Feb 2012]
Expression: Broad expression in bone marrow (RPKM 105.6), fat (RPKM 61.4) and 20 other tissues See more
Orthologs: mouse all
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Genomic context

Location:: 22q13.2

Exon count:: 5

Annotation release	Status	Assembly	Chr	Location
RS_2024_08	current	GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40)	22	NC_000022.11 (43151559..43163242)
RS_2024_08	current	T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1)	22	NC_060946.1 (43632715..43644077)
RS_2024_09	previous assembly	GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25)	22	NC_000022.10 (43547565..43559248)

Chromosome 22 - NC_000022.11 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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See details

Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
BioProject: PRJEB4337
Publication: PMID 24309898
Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
Title: Integrating TSPO PET imaging and transcriptomics to unveil the role of neuroinflammation and amyloid-β deposition in Alzheimer's disease.
Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas.
Title: Translocator protein (TSPO) expression in neoplastic cells and tumor-associated macrophages in meningiomas.
Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
Title: Investigating TSPO levels in occupation-related posttraumatic stress disorder.
[[18]F]DPA-714: Effect of co-medications, age, sex, BMI and TSPO polymorphism on the human plasma input function.
Title: [(18)F]DPA-714: Effect of co-medications, age, sex, BMI and TSPO polymorphism on the human plasma input function.
TSPO Modulates Oligomeric Amyloid-beta-Induced Monocyte Chemotaxis: Relevance for Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.
Title: TSPO Modulates Oligomeric Amyloid-β-Induced Monocyte Chemotaxis: Relevance for Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.
The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.
Title: The mitochondrial protein TSPO in Alzheimer's disease: relation to the severity of AD pathology and the neuroinflammatory environment.
TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma.
Title: TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma.
Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97.
Title: Sigma-2 Receptor Ligand Binding Modulates Association between TSPO and TMEM97.
Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells.
Title: Impact of Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO) Deficiency on Mitochondrial Function and the Inflammatory State of Human C20 Microglia Cells.
Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids.
Title: Neuroinflammation and psychiatric disorders: Relevance of C1q, translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), and neurosteroids.

Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (168)

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction	Pubs
Knockdown of TSPO by shRNA enhances HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells	PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein	Gene	Interaction	Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120	env	Treatment with TSPO antagonists or knockdown of TSPO by shRNA activate HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells by restoring HIV-1 gp120/gp41 biogenesis	PubMed
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp160, precursor	env	TSPO inhibits HIV-1 Env expression in 293T cells in a dose-dependent manner	PubMed
Envelope transmembrane glycoprotein gp41	env	Treatment with TSPO antagonists or knockdown of TSPO by shRNA activate HIV-1 replication in nonpermissive NKR cells by restoring HIV-1 gp120/gp41 biogenesis	PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Interactions

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Products	Interactant	Other Gene	Complex	Source	Pubs	Description

General gene information

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Markers

RH27789 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:89089

RH11057 (e-PCR)
- UniSTS:54363

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables androgen binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables benzodiazepine receptor activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
enables cholesterol binding	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
enables cholesterol transfer activity	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
enables protein binding	IPI Inferred from Physical Interaction more info	PubMed
enables transmembrane transporter binding	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
involved_in C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
involved_in adrenal gland development	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in behavioral response to pain	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cellular hypotonic response	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cellular response to lipopolysaccharide	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cellular response to zinc ion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in chloride transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in cholesterol homeostasis	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in contact inhibition	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in glial cell migration	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in heme biosynthetic process	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in maintenance of protein location in mitochondrion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in monoatomic anion transport	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in negative regulation of ATP metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of corticosterone secretion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of mitophagy	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of protein ubiquitination	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in negative regulation of tumor necrosis factor production	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in peripheral nervous system axon regeneration	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of apoptotic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of calcium ion transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of glial cell proliferation	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in protein targeting to mitochondrion	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of cell population proliferation	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of cholesterol transport	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in regulation of steroid biosynthetic process	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to acetylcholine	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to manganese ion	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to progesterone	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to testosterone	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to vitamin B1	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in response to xenobiotic stimulus	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info
involved_in steroid metabolic process	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
involved_in sterol transport	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in cytosol	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
located_in extracellular exosome	HDA more info	PubMed
located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info
is_active_in membrane	IBA Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor more info
located_in mitochondrial outer membrane	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info
located_in mitochondrion	HTP more info	PubMed
located_in mitochondrion	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info

General protein information

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Preferred Names: translocator protein

Names: benzodiazepine peripheral binding site; mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor; peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_000714.6 → NP_000705.2 translocator protein

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_000705.2

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (PBR) consists of four exons and encodes the protein PBR.

Source sequence(s)

AF075589, BC001110, BP420304

Consensus CDS

CCDS33661.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q13850

Related

ENSP00000338004.3, ENST00000337554.8

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam03073
Location:12 → 155

TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family
NM_001256530.1 → NP_001243459.1 translocator protein

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243459.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant PBR. Variants PBR, 3 and 4 encode the same protein.

Source sequence(s)

AF075590, BC001110, BG750685

Consensus CDS

CCDS33661.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q13850

Related

ENSP00000379563.4, ENST00000396265.4

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam03073
Location:12 → 155

TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family
NM_001256531.1 → NP_001243460.1 translocator protein

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243460.1

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant PBR. Variants PBR, 3 and 4 encode the same protein.

Source sequence(s)

AF075590, BC001110, BG749252

Consensus CDS

CCDS33661.1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

Q13850

Related

ENSP00000328973.4, ENST00000329563.8

Conserved Domains (1) summary

pfam03073
Location:12 → 155

TspO_MBR; TspO/MBR family

RNA

NR_046308.2 RNA Sequence

Status: REVIEWED

Description

Transcript Variant: This variant (PBR-S) lacks an internal exon, compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because the longest available open reading frame is found in a different frame, compared to variant PBR, and there is no experimental support for the existence of the predicted protein. This transcript has been described in PMID:8307574.

Source sequence(s)

AF075589, BC001110, L21950

Related

ENST00000583777.5

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

NC_000022.11 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Range

43151559..43163242

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_047441479.1 → XP_047297435.1 translocator protein isoform X1

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

P30536, Q53Y59, Q6ICF9, Q96TF6

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

NC_060946.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Range

43632715..43644077

Download

GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

XM_054325888.1 → XP_054181863.1 translocator protein isoform X1

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

NM_007311.3: Suppressed sequence

Description

NM_007311.3: This RefSeq was permanently suppressed because currently there is support for the transcript but not for the protein.