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KYNU kynureninase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 8942, updated on 2-Nov-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
KYNUprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
kynureninaseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:6469
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000115919 MIM:605197; AllianceGenome:HGNC:6469
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
KYNUU; VCRL2
Summary
Kynureninase is a pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (pyridoxal-P) dependent enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of L-kynurenine and L-3-hydroxykynurenine into anthranilic and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acids, respectively. Kynureninase is involved in the biosynthesis of NAD cofactors from tryptophan through the kynurenine pathway. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2010]
Expression
Broad expression in liver (RPKM 2.5), urinary bladder (RPKM 1.8) and 14 other tissues See more
Orthologs
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Genomic context

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See KYNU in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
2q22.2
Exon count:
18
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 2 NC_000002.12 (142877664..143055833)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 2 NC_060926.1 (143325958..143504091)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 2 NC_000002.11 (143635233..143813402)

Chromosome 2 - NC_000002.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105373652 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 16598 Neighboring gene HNF1 motif-containing MPRA enhancer 151 Neighboring gene RRN3 pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 11989 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:143672145-143673020 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC124907894 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr2:143688223-143689422 Neighboring gene stress induced phosphoprotein 1 pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene SFXN4 pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:143763291-143763928 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr2:143763929-143764566 Neighboring gene MT-CYB pseudogene 11 Neighboring gene MT-ND6 pseudogene 11

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. The TZM-bl Reporter Cell Line Expresses Kynureninase That Can Neutralize 2F5-like Antibodies in the HIV-1 Neutralization Assay. Morozov V, et al. Int J Mol Sci, 2022 Jan 7. PMID 35054825, Free PMC Article
  2. [A polymorphism of kynureninase gene in a hypertensive candidate chromosomal region is associated with essential hypertension]. Zhang Y, et al. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi, 2005 Jul. PMID 16080802
  3. A rare variant at the KYNU gene is associated with kynureninase activity and essential hypertension in the Han Chinese population. Zhang Y, et al. Circ Cardiovasc Genet, 2011 Dec. PMID 22012986
  4. The tryptophan metabolism enzyme L-kynureninase is a novel inflammatory factor in psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases. Harden JL, et al. J Allergy Clin Immunol, 2016 Jun. PMID 26725996, Free PMC Article
  5. A novel role of kynureninase in the growth control of breast cancer cells and its relationships with breast cancer. Liu Y, et al. J Cell Mol Med, 2019 Oct. PMID 31332944, Free PMC Article

See all (43) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. Re-sequencing of candidate genes FOXF1, HSPA6, HAAO, and KYNU in 522 individuals with VATER/VACTERL, VACTER/VACTERL-like association, and isolated anorectal malformation.
    Title: Re-sequencing of candidate genes FOXF1, HSPA6, HAAO, and KYNU in 522 individuals with VATER/VACTERL, VACTER/VACTERL-like association, and isolated anorectal malformation.
  2. The TZM-bl Reporter Cell Line Expresses Kynureninase That Can Neutralize 2F5-like Antibodies in the HIV-1 Neutralization Assay.
    Title: The TZM-bl Reporter Cell Line Expresses Kynureninase That Can Neutralize 2F5-like Antibodies in the HIV-1 Neutralization Assay.
  3. TDO2 knockdown inhibits colorectal cancer progression via TDO2-KYNU-AhR pathway.
    Title: TDO2 knockdown inhibits colorectal cancer progression via TDO2-KYNU-AhR pathway.
  4. A novel role of kynureninase in the growth control of breast cancer cells and its relationships with breast cancer.
    Title: A novel role of kynureninase in the growth control of breast cancer cells and its relationships with breast cancer.
  5. Our results suggest that tryptophan metabolism might dichotomously modulate immune responses, with KYNU as a switch between immunosuppressive versus inflammatory outcomes.
    Title: The tryptophan metabolism enzyme L-kynureninase is a novel inflammatory factor in psoriasis and other inflammatory diseases.
  6. A rare variant at the KYNU gene is associated with essential hypertension in the Han Chinese population.
    Title: A rare variant at the KYNU gene is associated with kynureninase activity and essential hypertension in the Han Chinese population.
  7. Clinical trial of gene-disease association and gene-environment interaction. (HuGE Navigator)
    Title: Personalized smoking cessation: interactions between nicotine dose, dependence and quit-success genotype score.
  8. The Lys412Glu polymorphism of the KYNU gene in a hypertensive candidate chromosomal region is associated with essential hypertension in Han Chinese.
    Title: [A polymorphism of kynureninase gene in a hypertensive candidate chromosomal region is associated with essential hypertension].
  9. Observational study of gene-disease association. (HuGE Navigator)
    Title: Genetic variants in nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes influence AIDS progression.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction

Phenotypes

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Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Associated conditions

Description Tests
Hydroxykynureninuria
MedGen: C0268474 OMIM: 236800 GeneReviews: Not available
Compare labs
Vertebral, cardiac, renal, and limb defects syndrome 2
MedGen: C4540014 OMIM: 617661 GeneReviews: Congenital NAD Deficiency Disorder
Compare labs

EBI GWAS Catalog

Description
Genome-wide association study of selenium concentrations.
EBI GWAS Catalog

Variation

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See variants in ClinVar

See studies and variants in dbVar

See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

HIV-1 interactions

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Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Tat tat Microarray analysis indicates HIV-1 Tat-induced upregulation of kynureninase (KYNU) in primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables kynureninase activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables kynureninase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables kynureninase activity IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables protein homodimerization activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables pyridoxal phosphate binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in 'de novo' NAD biosynthetic process from tryptophan IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in L-kynurenine catabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in NAD biosynthetic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in anthranilate metabolic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in anthranilate metabolic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in quinolinate biosynthetic process IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to type II interferon IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in response to vitamin B6 IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in tryptophan catabolic process IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in tryptophan catabolic process to kynurenine IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
Component Evidence Code Pubs
is_active_in cytoplasm IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in mitochondrion IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  

General protein information

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Preferred Names
kynureninase
NP_001028170.1
NP_001186170.1
NP_003928.1
XP_016860706.1
XP_047302206.1
XP_047302207.1
XP_047302208.1
XP_047302209.1
XP_054200389.1
XP_054200390.1
XP_054200391.1
XP_054200392.1

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_023254.2 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5002..183171
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001032998.2 → NP_001028170.1  kynureninase isoform b

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001028170.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR, 3' UTR and coding region compared to variant 3. The resulting isoform (b) is shorter and has a distinct C-terminus compared to isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC013444, BC000879
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS33299.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q16719
    Related
    ENSP00000364928.2, ENST00000375773.6
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl28159
    Location:30 → 301
    Aminotran_5; Aminotransferase class-V

  2. NM_001199241.2 → NP_001186170.1  kynureninase isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001186170.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) represents the longest transcript variant. Variants 1 and 3 encode isoform a.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC013437, AK315343, AW290980
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2183.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B2RCZ5, D3DP79, Q16719, Q6I9T2, Q9BVW3
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K4D5
    Related
    ENSP00000386731.1, ENST00000409512.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    TIGR01814
    Location:30 → 459
    kynureninase; kynureninase

  3. NM_003937.3 → NP_003928.1  kynureninase isoform a

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_003928.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) differs in the 5'UTR compared to variant 3.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC013437, AL548658, AW296221, U57721
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS2183.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    B2RCZ5, D3DP79, Q16719, Q6I9T2, Q9BVW3
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    A8K4D5
    Related
    ENSP00000264170.4, ENST00000264170.9
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    TIGR01814
    Location:30 → 459
    kynureninase; kynureninase

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000002.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    142877664..143055833
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_047446250.1 → XP_047302206.1  kynureninase isoform X1

  2. XM_047446252.1 → XP_047302208.1  kynureninase isoform X2

  3. XM_047446251.1 → XP_047302207.1  kynureninase isoform X2

  4. XM_017005217.2 → XP_016860706.1  kynureninase isoform X2

    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    Q16719
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl28159
    Location:30 → 301
    Aminotran_5; Aminotransferase class-V

  5. XM_047446253.1 → XP_047302209.1  kynureninase isoform X3

    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q53SX6

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060926.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    143325958..143504091
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. XM_054344414.1 → XP_054200389.1  kynureninase isoform X1

  2. XM_054344417.1 → XP_054200392.1  kynureninase isoform X2

  3. XM_054344416.1 → XP_054200391.1  kynureninase isoform X2

  4. XM_054344415.1 → XP_054200390.1  kynureninase isoform X2

Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
Q16719.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:Q16719

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