IM Alternative oxidase family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)] - Gene

Summary

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Gene symbol: IM
Gene description: Alternative oxidase family protein
Primary source: Araport:AT4G22260
Locus tag: AT4G22260
See related: TAIR:AT4G22260
Gene type: protein coding
RefSeq status: REVIEWED
Organism: Arabidopsis thaliana (ecotype: Columbia)
Lineage: Eukaryota; Viridiplantae; Streptophyta; Embryophyta; Tracheophyta; Spermatophyta; Magnoliopsida; eudicotyledons; Gunneridae; Pentapetalae; rosids; malvids; Brassicales; Brassicaceae; Camelineae; Arabidopsis
Also known as: IM1; IMMUTANS; plastid terminal oxidase; PLASTID TERMINAL OXIDASE; PTOX; T10I14.90; T10I14_90
Summary: Similar to mitochondrial alternative oxidase. im mutants have a variegated phenotype and fail to differentiate chloroplasts in the majority of their cells under high light intensity continuous illumination. The white tissues of immutans accumulate phytoene, a non-colored C40 carotenoid intermediate. This suggests that immutans controls, either directly or indirectly, the activity of phytoene desaturase (PDS), the enzyme that converts phytoene to zeta-carotene in higher plants. However, im is not the structural gene for PDS. It is located in the lumenar face of the thylakoid membrane. IM is expressed ubiquitously in plant tissues.
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Genomic context

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See IM in Genome Data Viewer

Location:: chromosome: 4

Exon count:: 9

Sequence:: Chromosome: 4; NC_003075.7 (11769668..11772599, complement)

Chromosome 4 - NC_003075.7 Genomic Context describing neighboring genes

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to reference sequence details

Genomic Sequence:: NC_003075.7

Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Bibliography

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GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?

Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) protects photosystem I and not photosystem II against photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
Title: Plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) protects photosystem I and not photosystem II against photoinhibition in Arabidopsis thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection.
Title: Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection.
The integrated analysis made from accession geographical distribution and PTOX SNPs indicated that AA changes in PTOX are related to altitude and rainfall, potentially due to an adaptive positive environmental selection.
Title: Polymorphisms in plastoquinol oxidase (PTOX) from Arabidopsis accessions indicate SNP-induced structural variants associated with altitude and rainfall.
A brief update of im and var2 and the functions of PTOX and AtFtsH2, is provided.
Title: Understanding chloroplast biogenesis using second-site suppressors of immutans and var2.
Data indicate that the protein level of plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX) was increased in the bacterial phytoene desaturase (CRTI)-expressing lines.
Title: Effect of constitutive expression of bacterial phytoene desaturase CRTI on photosynthetic electron transport in Arabidopsis thaliana.
The ability of AOX1a and AOX2 to substitute for PTOX in the correct physiological and developmental contexts is a striking example of the capacity of a mitochondrial protein to replace the function of a chloroplast protein.
Title: Alternative oxidases (AOX1a and AOX2) can functionally substitute for plastid terminal oxidase in Arabidopsis chloroplasts.
In low light, thylakoids from PTOX overexpressed plants were protected against photoinhibition.
Title: Plastid alternative oxidase (PTOX) promotes oxidative stress when overexpressed in tobacco.
14 conserved sites fall into three classes: Ala-139, Pro-142, Glu-171, Asn-174, Leu-179, Pro-216, Ala-230, Asp-287, and Arg-293 are dispensable for activity; Tyr-234 and Asp-295 are essential; and Leu-135, His-151, and Tyr-212 are important.
Title: Conserved active site sequences in Arabidopsis plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX): in vitro and in planta mutagenesis studies.
Lack of colored carotenoids in the im white tissues elicits a differential response from a large number of genes involved in various cellular processes and stress responses.
Title: Chloroplast photooxidation-induced transcriptome reprogramming in Arabidopsis immutans white leaf sectors.
IMMUTANS appears to be a versatile electron sink, especially early in chloroplast development, when its function is crucial for carotenoid biosynthesis, and in excess light, when it serves as a 'safety valve'.
Title: Arabidopsis variegation mutants: new insights into chloroplast biogenesis.

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General gene information

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Homology

Orthologs from OrthoDB

NM_118352.4

Supported by ESTs:

Gene Ontology Provided by TAIR

Function	Evidence Code	Pubs
enables alternative oxidase activity	ISS Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity more info	PubMed
enables superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase activity	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed
enables ubiquinol:oxygen oxidoreductase activity	IEA Inferred from Electronic Annotation more info

Process	Evidence Code	Pubs
acts_upstream_of_or_within carotenoid biosynthetic process	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within chloroplast organization	NAS Non-traceable Author Statement more info
acts_upstream_of_or_within plastid organization	IMP Inferred from Mutant Phenotype more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to high light intensity	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed
acts_upstream_of_or_within response to temperature stimulus	TAS Traceable Author Statement more info	PubMed

Component	Evidence Code	Pubs
located_in mitochondrion	ISM Inferred from Sequence Model more info
located_in thylakoid	IDA Inferred from Direct Assay more info	PubMed

General protein information

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Preferred Names: Alternative oxidase family protein

NP_567658.1

IMMUTANS (IM); CONTAINS InterPro DOMAIN/s: Alternative oxidase (InterPro:IPR002680); BEST Arabidopsis thaliana protein match is: alternative oxidase 2 (TAIR:AT5G64210.1); Has 30201 Blast hits to 17322 proteins in 780 species: Archae - 12; Bacteria - 1396; Metazoa - 17338; Fungi - 3422; Plants - 5037; Viruses - 0; Other Eukaryotes - 2996 (source: NCBI BLink).

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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Genome Annotation

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference assembly

Genomic

NC_003075.7 Reference assembly

Range

11769668..11772599 complement

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GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

NM_118352.4 → NP_567658.1 Alternative oxidase family protein [Arabidopsis thaliana]

See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_567658.1

Status: REVIEWED

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot

O49631, Q56X52, Q9SBA4, Q9ZSQ3

UniProtKB/TrEMBL

A0A5S9XUV4

Conserved Domains (1) summary

cd01053
Location:124 → 310

AOX; Alternative oxidase, ferritin-like diiron-binding domain