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GAPDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

Gene ID: 2597, updated on 12-Nov-2024

Summary

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Official Symbol
GAPDHprovided by HGNC
Official Full Name
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenaseprovided by HGNC
Primary source
HGNC:HGNC:4141
See related
Ensembl:ENSG00000111640 MIM:138400; AllianceGenome:HGNC:4141
Gene type
protein coding
RefSeq status
REVIEWED
Organism
Homo sapiens
Lineage
Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
Also known as
G3PD; GAPD; HEL-S-162eP
Summary
This gene encodes a member of the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase protein family. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions. The product of this gene catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The encoded protein has additionally been identified to have uracil DNA glycosylase activity in the nucleus. Also, this protein contains a peptide that has antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and C. albicans. Studies of a similar protein in mouse have assigned a variety of additional functions including nitrosylation of nuclear proteins, the regulation of mRNA stability, and acting as a transferrin receptor on the cell surface of macrophage. Many pseudogenes similar to this locus are present in the human genome. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq, Nov 2014]
Expression
Ubiquitous expression in bone marrow (RPKM 1203.9), heart (RPKM 1083.8) and 24 other tissues See more
Orthologs
mouse all
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Genomic context

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See GAPDH in Genome Data Viewer
Location:
12p13.31
Exon count:
10
Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 12 NC_000012.12 (6534517..6538371)
RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 12 NC_060936.1 (6544873..6548727)
RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 12 NC_000012.11 (6643683..6647537)

Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene non-SMC condensin I complex subunit D2 Neighboring gene small Cajal body-specific RNA 10 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6641915-6642688 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6642689-6643462 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6643463-6644236 Neighboring gene GAPDH divergent transcript Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6645785-6646558 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5864 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5865 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid active region 5866 Neighboring gene intermediate filament family orphan 1 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6658582-6659082 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6659083-6659583 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6660263-6660762 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6661035-6661552 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6663184-6663684 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6663685-6664185 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 4169 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 4170 Neighboring gene ATAC-STARR-seq lymphoblastoid silent region 4171 Neighboring gene NOP2 nucleolar protein Neighboring gene H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:6677307-6677928

Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

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Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

Expression

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  • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
  • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
  • BioProject: PRJEB4337
  • Publication: PMID 24309898
  • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

Bibliography

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Related articles in PubMed

  1. A dimer interface mutation in glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates its binding to AU-rich RNA. White MR, et al. J Biol Chem, 2015 Jan 16. PMID 25451934, Free PMC Article
  2. GAPDH binds to active Akt, leading to Bcl-xL increase and escape from caspase-independent cell death. Jacquin MA, et al. Cell Death Differ, 2013 Aug. PMID 23645209, Free PMC Article
  3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene over expression correlates with poor prognosis in non small cell lung cancer patients. Puzone R, et al. Mol Cancer, 2013 Aug 29. PMID 23988223, Free PMC Article
  4. [Properties and functional diversity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase]. Rodacka A. Postepy Hig Med Dosw (Online), 2013 Aug 6. PMID 24018444
  5. GAPDH and autophagy preserve survival after apoptotic cytochrome c release in the absence of caspase activation. Colell A, et al. Cell, 2007 Jun 1. PMID 17540177

See all (591) citations in PubMed

GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

What's a GeneRIF?
  1. The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects through regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity.
    Title: The tumor suppressor Parkin exerts anticancer effects through regulating mitochondrial GAPDH activity.
  2. Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by Transglutaminase 2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Microvascular Leakage in Diabetic Retinas.
    Title: Regulation of AMPK and GAPDH by Transglutaminase 2 Plays a Pivotal Role in Microvascular Leakage in Diabetic Retinas.
  3. Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide: Role in Signal Transduction and Development of Apoptosis.
    Title: Modification of Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase with Nitric Oxide: Role in Signal Transduction and Development of Apoptosis.
  4. Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike Protein and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells.
    Title: Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Binds with Spike Protein and Inhibits the Entry of SARS-CoV-2 into Host Cells.
  5. Exploring the Role of Glycolytic Enzymes PFKFB3 and GAPDH in the Modulation of Abeta and Neurodegeneration and Their Potential of Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.
    Title: Exploring the Role of Glycolytic Enzymes PFKFB3 and GAPDH in the Modulation of Aβ and Neurodegeneration and Their Potential of Therapeutic Targets in Alzheimer's Disease.
  6. Neutrophil metabolomics in severe COVID-19 reveal GAPDH as a suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
    Title: Neutrophil metabolomics in severe COVID-19 reveal GAPDH as a suppressor of neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
  7. Uncoupled glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in kidney cancer reveals that cytosolic GPD is essential to support lipid synthesis.
    Title: Uncoupled glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle in kidney cancer reveals that cytosolic GPD is essential to support lipid synthesis.
  8. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase under oxidative stress.
    Title: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase regulates activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase under oxidative stress.
  9. Crotonylation of GAPDH regulates human embryonic stem cell endodermal lineage differentiation and metabolic switch.
    Title: Crotonylation of GAPDH regulates human embryonic stem cell endodermal lineage differentiation and metabolic switch.
  10. Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
    Title: Combined thioredoxin reductase and glutaminase inhibition exerts synergistic anti-tumor activity in MYC-high high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.
Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (168)

Phenotypes

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Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

Variation

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See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

HIV-1 interactions

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Replication interactions

Interaction Pubs
Knockdown of GAPDH by siRNA enhances HIV-1 infectivity in TZM-bl cells PubMed

Protein interactions

Protein Gene Interaction Pubs
Envelope surface glycoprotein gp120 env Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells PubMed
Gag-Pol gag-pol Immunoprecipitation assay shows that GAPDH directly interacts with HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol. Packaging of LysRS and tRNA-Lys3 into virions is negatively regulated by GAPDH, leading to decreased viral infectivity PubMed
gag-pol Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells PubMed
Nef nef Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells PubMed
Pr55(Gag) gag Immunoprecipitation assay shows that GAPDH directly interacts with HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol. Packaging of LysRS and tRNA-Lys3 into virions is negatively regulated by GAPDH, leading to decreased viral infectivity PubMed
gag Tandem affinity purification and mass spectrometry analysis identify glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), HIV-1 Gag, Gag/Pol, gp120, and Nef incorporated into staufen1 RNP complexes isolated from HIV-1-expressing cells PubMed
Rev rev HIV-1 Rev interacting protein, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), is identified by the in-vitro binding experiments involving cytosolic or nuclear extracts from HeLa cells. The interaction of Rev with GAPDH is increased by RRE PubMed
Tat tat Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is identified to interact with HIV-1 Tat mutant Nullbasic in HeLa cells by LC MS/MS PubMed
Vpr vpr A stable-isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture coupled with mass spectrometry-based proteomics identifies downregulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) expression by HIV-1 Vpr in Vpr transduced macrophages PubMed
vpr Treatment of human primary astrocytes with HIV-1 Vpr downregulates expression of mRNA GAPDH and GAPDH activity PubMed

Go to the HIV-1, Human Interaction Database

Pathways from PubChem

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Interactions

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Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

General gene information

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Markers

Homology

Clone Names

  • MGC88685

Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

Function Evidence Code Pubs
enables NAD binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables NADP binding IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
enables aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
enables disordered domain specific binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
enables glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity NAS
Non-traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
enables identical protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
enables microtubule binding ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase activity ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
enables protein binding IPI
Inferred from Physical Interaction
more info
 PubMed 
Process Evidence Code Pubs
involved_in antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in cellular response to type II interferon IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in defense response to fungus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in glucose metabolic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in glycolytic process IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
involved_in glycolytic process IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
involved_in killing by host of symbiont cells IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in killing of cells of another organism IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in microtubule cytoskeleton organization ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in negative regulation of endopeptidase activity IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of translation IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in negative regulation of translation IMP
Inferred from Mutant Phenotype
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in neuron apoptotic process ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in peptidyl-cysteine S-trans-nitrosylation ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of cytokine production IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in positive regulation of type I interferon production IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
involved_in protein stabilization ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
involved_in regulation of macroautophagy TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
 PubMed 
Component Evidence Code Pubs
part_of GAIT complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytoplasm ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
is_active_in cytosol IBA
Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
more info
  
located_in cytosol IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in cytosol ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in cytosol TAS
Traceable Author Statement
more info
  
located_in extracellular exosome HDA PubMed 
located_in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in lipid droplet IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in membrane HDA PubMed 
located_in microtubule cytoskeleton ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in nuclear membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
located_in nucleus HDA PubMed 
located_in nucleus IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in nucleus ISS
Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
more info
  
located_in perinuclear region of cytoplasm IEA
Inferred from Electronic Annotation
more info
  
located_in plasma membrane IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
  
part_of ribonucleoprotein complex IDA
Inferred from Direct Assay
more info
 PubMed 
located_in vesicle HDA PubMed 

General protein information

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Preferred Names
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Names
OCAS, p38 component
Oct1 coactivator in S phase, 38 Kd component
aging-associated gene 9 protein
epididymis secretory sperm binding protein Li 162eP
peptidyl-cysteine S-nitrosylase GAPDH
NP_001243728.1
NP_001276674.1
NP_001276675.1
NP_001344872.1
NP_002037.2

NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

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RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

Genomic

  1. NG_007073.2 RefSeqGene

    Range
    5027..8881
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

mRNA and Protein(s)

  1. NM_001256799.3 → NP_001243728.1  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 2

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001243728.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (2) differs in the 5' UTR and lacks a portion of the 5' coding region compared to variant 1. These differences cause translation initiation at a downstream start codon and result in an isoform (2) with a shorter N-terminus compared to isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AF261085, BE893087, HY000136
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS58201.1
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2TSD0
    Related
    ENSP00000380067.1, ENST00000396858.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl27764
    Location:1 → 290
    Gp_dh_N; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain

  2. NM_001289745.3 → NP_001276674.1  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001276674.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (3) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AK308198, BE893087, BM763361, M33197
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8549.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    E7EUT4, P00354, P04406, Q53X65
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2TSD0, V9HVZ4
    Related
    ENSP00000380070.1, ENST00000396861.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PLN02272
    Location:2 → 332
    PLN02272; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

  3. NM_001289746.2 → NP_001276675.1  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001276675.1

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (4) differs in the 5' UTR, compared to variant 1. Variants 1, 3, and 4 encode the same isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AC006064, BC023632, HY004110, HY022295
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8549.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    E7EUT4, P00354, P04406, Q53X65
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2TSD0, V9HVZ4
    Related
    ENSP00000380068.1, ENST00000396859.5
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PLN02272
    Location:2 → 332
    PLN02272; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

  4. NM_001357943.2 → NP_001344872.1  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 4

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (7) uses an alternate splice site but retains the reading frame compared to variant 1. The encoded isoform (4) is shorter than isoform 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC006064
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2TSD0
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    cl27764
    Location:2 → 314
    Gp_dh_N; Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, NAD binding domain

  5. NM_002046.7 → NP_002037.2  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase isoform 1

    See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_002037.2

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (1) encodes the longest isoform (1).
    Source sequence(s)
    AK308198, BC009081
    Consensus CDS
    CCDS8549.1
    UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
    E7EUT4, P00354, P04406, Q53X65
    UniProtKB/TrEMBL
    Q2TSD0, V9HVZ4
    Related
    ENSP00000229239.5, ENST00000229239.10
    Conserved Domains (1) summary
    PLN02272
    Location:2 → 332
    PLN02272; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

RNA

  1. NR_152150.2 RNA Sequence

    Status: REVIEWED

    Description
    Transcript Variant: This variant (6) uses an alternate splice site and lacks two exons compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as non-coding because it lacks a large portion of the coding region found in variant 1.
    Source sequence(s)
    AC006064

RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

Genomic

  1. NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Range
    6534517..6538371
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

Genomic

  1. NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Range
    6544873..6548727
    Download
    GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

Suppressed Reference Sequence(s)

The following Reference Sequences have been suppressed. Explain

  1. NM_001357938.1: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_001357938.1: This RefSeq was removed because currently there is insufficient support for the transcript and protein.

  2. NM_001357944.1: Suppressed sequence

    Description
    NM_001357944.1: This RefSeq has been removed because there is insufficient support for the transcript and protein.
Nucleotide Protein
Heading Accession and Version
Protein Accession Links
GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
P04406.3 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P04406

Gene LinkOut

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