Common diseases cost the developing world an enormous amount in terms of human life, health, and productivity, as well as lost economic potential. New and effective vaccines could not only improve the quality of life for millions of residents in developing countries, they could also contribute substantially to further economic development. Using data from the World Health Organization and other international agencies, this book analyzes disease burdens, pathogen descriptions, geographic distribution of diseases, probable vaccine target populations, alternative control measures and treatments, and future prospects for vaccine development. New Vaccine Development provides valuable insight into immunological and international health policy priorities.

Contents

• Committee on Issues and Priorities for New Vaccine Development
• Acknowledgements
• Preface
• Abstract
• 1. Summary
  • SELECTION OF CANDIDATES
  • DETERMINATION OF HEALTH BENEFITS
  • VACCINE CHARACTERISTICS
  • INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
  • FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCE
• 2. Priority Setting for Health-Related Investments: A Review of Methods
  • METHODS FOR PROJECT RANKING AND SELECTION
  • MULTIATTRIBUTE ACCOUNTING
  • MULTIATTRIBUTE SCORING
  • DECISION ANALYSIS WITH MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES
  • COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND COST-UTILITY ANALYSIS
  • BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS
  • SELECTION OF AN APPROACH
  • ISSUES IN PROJECT RANKING METHODOLOGIES
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 3. Overview of the Analytic Approach
  • METHOD
  • INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS
  • GUIDELINES
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCE
• 4. Comparison of Disease Burdens
  • ELEMENTS OF THE SYSTEM FOR COMPARING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY BURDENS ARISING FROM VARIOUS DISEASES
  • VALUE JUDGMENTS IN QUANTIFYING MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
  • COMPARISON OF COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH DISEASES
  • FINDINGS
  • LIMITATIONS OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
  • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 5. Predictions on Vaccine Development
  • THE NEED FOR PREDICTIONS
  • SELECTION OF CANDIDATES
  • VACCINE CANDIDATES AND TARGET POPULATIONS
  • PREDICTIONS ON VACCINE DEVELOPMENT
  • PREDICTIONS ON VACCINE CHARACTERISTICS
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • REFERENCE
• 6. Assessing the Likely Utilization of New Vaccines
  • VACCINE AVAILABILITY
  • VACCINE UTILIZATION
  • SUMMARY
  • REFERENCES
• 7. Calculation and Comparison of the Health Benefits and Differential Costs Associated with Candidate Vaccines
  • PROCEDURES
  • THE TREATMENT OF VACCINE IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS
  • RESULTS
  • REFERENCES
• 8. Additional Issues in the Selection of Priorities for Accelerated Vaccine Development
  • EQUITY CONSIDERATIONS IN CALCULATING DISEASE BURDENS AND VACCINE BENEFITS
  • INTERDEPENDENCE OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS
  • INTERDEPENDENCE OF IMMUNIZATION EFFORTS
  • INDUSTRY INTEREST AND ACTIVITY: THE RESPECTIVE ROLES OF THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS
  • INTEREST IN OTHER COUNTRIES OR INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
  • OTHER DIEASE CHARACTERSTICS RELEVANT TO ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES
  • FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCES
• 9. Findings, Conclusions, and Recommendations
  • The Central Analysis
  • FINDINGS
  • CONCLUSIONS
  • DISCUSSION
  • RECOMMENDATIONS
  • REFERENCE
• Appendix A Selection of Vaccine Candidates for Accelerated Development
• Appendix B The Burden of Disease Resulting from Acute Respiratory Illness
• Appendix C The Burden of Disease Resulting from Diarrhea
• Appendix D-1 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Dengue Virus
• Appendix D-2 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Escherichia coli
• Appendix D-3 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Hemophilus influenzae Type b
• Appendix D-4 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Hepatitis A Virus
• Appendix D-5 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Hepatitis B Virus
• Appendix D-6 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus
• Appendix D-7 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Mycobacterium leprae
• Appendix D-8 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Neisseria meningitidis
• Appendix D-9 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Parainfluenza Viruses
• Appendix D-10 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Plasmodium spp.
• Appendix D-11 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Rabies Virus
• Appendix D-12 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus
• Appendix D-13 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Rotavirus
• Appendix D-14 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Salmonella typhi
• Appendix D-15 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Shigella spp.
• Appendix D-16 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Streptococcus Group A
• Appendix D-17 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Appendix D-18 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Vibrio cholerae
• Appendix D-19 The Prospects for Immunizing Against Yellow Fever
• Appendix E Questionnaire for Assessing Morbidity-Mortality Trade-Offs
• Appendix F Technical Notes
• Appendix G Biographical Notes on Committee Members
• Appendix H Additional Sources of Advice to the Committee
• Appendix I Contents of Supplement to Volume II
• Appendix J Preface to Volume I
• Appendix K Contents to Volume I

The work on which this publication is based was initiated and funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, under contract No. NO1-AI-22678. The U.S. Agency for International Development, through the Public Health Service's Vaccine Development and Health Research Participating Agency Services Agreement No. 000001-04-S5, also provided valuable financial support.

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.

The Institute of Medicine was chartered in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to enlist distinguished members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. In this, the Institute acts under both the Academy's 1863 congressional charter responsibility to be an adviser to the federal government and its own initiative in identifying issues of medical care, research, and education.