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Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 1–3
Comparative Effectiveness Reviews, No. 37
Investigators: Howard A Fink, MD, MPH, Areef Ishani, MD, MS, Brent C Taylor, PhD, MPH, Nancy L Greer, PhD, Roderick MacDonald, MS, Dominic Rossini, MD, Sameea Sadiq, MD, Srilakshmi Lankireddy, MD, Robert L Kane, MD, and Timothy J Wilt, MD, MPH.
Author Information and AffiliationsStructured Abstract
Objectives:
The objective was to systematically review and synthesize evidence regarding benefits and harms of screening for and monitoring and treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 1–3.
Data Sources:
The data sources were MEDLINE® and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews electronic databases, hand searches of references from relevant systematic reviews and eligible trials, and references from expert consultants.
Review Methods:
We screened abstracts and full text articles of identified references for eligibility and reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for evidence on benefits and harms of CKD treatments. We reviewed RCTs and observational studies for evidence regarding possible benefits and harms of CKD screening or monitoring. For all included RCTs, data were extracted, quality was rated, and strength of evidence was graded. Evidence on the benefits and harms of CKD treatments was quantitatively synthesized when possible. Additional evidence on CKD screening and monitoring was qualitatively described.
Results:
We found no RCTs of CKD screening or monitoring. In treatment RCTs, several interventions significantly reduced clinical events. In patients with proteinuria, nearly all with diabetes and hypertension, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) (relative risk [RR], 0.60, 95 percent confidence interval [CI], 0.43 to 0.83) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (RR 0.77, 95 percent CI, 0.66 to 0.90) significantly reduced risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) versus placebo. In patients with microalbuminuria who had cardiovascular disease or diabetes with other cardiovascular risk factors, ACEI treatment reduced mortality risk (RR 0.79, 95 percent CI, 0.66 to 0.96) versus placebo. In individuals with hyperlipidemia and impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) or creatinine clearance, HMG CoA-reductase inhibitors (statins) reduced risk of mortality (RR 0.80, 95 percent CI, 0.68 to 0.95), myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke compared with placebo. However, limited data addressed whether these effects differed between patients with and without CKD or as a function of CKD severity. In RCTs that directly compared different treatments, including high dose versus low dose, combination versus monotherapy, and strict versus standard control, it was unclear whether intensification of treatment improves clinical outcomes. Reporting of study withdrawals and adverse events was limited. Based on treatment RCT findings and additional indirect data, including high CKD prevalence, low CKD recognition and limited CKD monitoring in usual care, uncertain sensitivity of screening and monitoring measures for CKD, and insufficient evidence on CKD screening and monitoring harms, the overall benefits of CKD screening and monitoring are unclear. The likelihood of benefit, if present, appears to be greater in specific subgroups. For example, individuals not being treated with ACEIs or ARBs who have cardiovascular disease or diabetes combined with other cardiovascular risk factors may benefit from screening for albuminuria. Individuals not being treated with a statin who have hyperlipidemia and no cardiovascular disease may benefit from screening for impaired eGFR. Younger patients, and those without diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, or obesity, are the least likely to benefit from CKD screening. Individuals with impaired eGFR and at high risk for cardiovascular complications who are not being treated with ACEIs or ARBs may benefit from monitoring for incident albuminuria.
Conclusions:
No trials directly show a benefit for CKD screening or monitoring. The likelihood of benefit, if present, appears to be greater in specific subgroups. Screening and monitoring harms are poorly described. In selected CKD patients, ACEI or ARB treatment reduces ESRD risk, ACEI treatment reduces mortality risk, and statin treatment reduces risk of mortality, MI, and stroke. Many of these patients may already warrant treatment with these therapies regardless of CKD status. Many knowledge gaps remain, and additional research should increase understanding regarding optimal approaches to CKD screening, monitoring, and treatment.
Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Technical Expert Panel
- Peer Reviewers
- Executive Summary
- Introduction
- Methods
- Results
- Key Question 1 In asymptomatic adults with or without recognized risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) incidence, progression or complications, what direct evidence is there that systematic CKD screening improves clinical outcomes?
- Key Question 2 What harms result from systematic CKD screening in asymptomatic adults with or without recognized risk factors for CKD incidence, progression, or complications?
- Key Question 3 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what direct evidence is there that monitoring for worsening kidney function and/or kidney damage improves clinical outcomes?
- Key Question 4 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what harms result from monitoring for worsening kidney function/kidney damage?
- Key Question 5 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what direct evidence is there that treatment improves clinical outcomes?
- Key Question 6 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what harms result from treatment?
- Discussion
- Future Research Recommendations
- Key Question 1 In asymptomatic adults with or without recognized risk factors for CKD incidence, progression, or complications, what direct evidence is there that systematic CKD screening improves clinical outcomes?
- Key Question 2 What harms result from systematic CKD screening in asymptomatic adults with or without recognized risk factors for CKD incidence, progression or complications?
- Key Question 3 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what direct evidence is there that monitoring for worsening kidney function and/or kidney damage improves clinical outcomes?
- Key Question 4 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what harms result from monitoring for worsening kidney function and/or kidney damage?
- Key Question 5 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what direct evidence is there that treatment improves clinical outcomes?
- Key Question 6 Among adults with CKD stages 1–3, whether detected by systematic screening or as part of routine care, what harms result from treatment?
- References
- Acronyms and Abbreviations
- Appendixes
Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services1, Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10064-I. Prepared by: Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
Suggested citation:
Fink HA, Ishani A, Taylor BC, Greer NL, MacDonald, R, Rossini D, Sadiq S, Lankireddy S, Kane RL, Wilt TJ. Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 1–3: Screening, Monitoring, and Treatment. Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 37. (Prepared by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10064-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 11(12)-EHC075-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. January 2012. www.effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/reports/final.cfm.
This report is based on research conducted by the Minnesota Evidence-based Practice Center (EPC) under contract to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), Rockville, MD (Contract No. HHSA 290-2007-10064-I). The findings and conclusions in this document are those of the authors, who are responsible for its contents; the findings and conclusions do not necessarily represent the views of AHRQ. Therefore, no statement in this report should be construed as an official position of AHRQ or of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
The information in this report is intended to help health care decisionmakers—patients and clinicians, health system leaders, and policymakers, among others—make well-informed decisions and thereby improve the quality of health care services. This report is not intended to be a substitute for the application of clinical judgment. Anyone who makes decisions concerning the provision of clinical care should consider this report in the same way as any medical reference and in conjunction with all other pertinent information, i.e., in the context of available resources and circumstances presented by individual patients.
This report may be used, in whole or in part, as the basis for development of clinical practice guidelines and other quality enhancement tools, or as a basis for reimbursement and coverage policies. AHRQ or U.S. Department of Health and Human Services endorsement of such derivative products may not be stated or implied.
None of the investigators has any affiliations or financial involvement that conflicts with the material presented in this report.
- 1
540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850; www
.ahrq.gov
- Review Screening for, monitoring, and treatment of chronic kidney disease stages 1 to 3: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline.[Ann Intern Med. 2012]Review Screening for, monitoring, and treatment of chronic kidney disease stages 1 to 3: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and for an American College of Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline.Fink HA, Ishani A, Taylor BC, Greer NL, MacDonald R, Rossini D, Sadiq S, Lankireddy S, Kane RL, Wilt TJ. Ann Intern Med. 2012 Apr 17; 156(8):570-81.
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