This volume of the IARC Monographs provides evaluations of the carcinogenicity of isobutyl nitrite, β-picoline, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, and trimethylolpropane triacrylate.

The four acrylates evaluated are chemicals with a high production volume that are produced worldwide. Methyl acrylate is used in the production of acrylic fibres and fire-retardant fabrics. Ethyl acrylate is one of the principal monomers used worldwide in the production of styrene-based polymers, which can be used for medical and dental items. Ethyl acrylate is also used in surface coatings for textiles, paper, leather, and food contact materials, and as a food flavouring agent. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate is used as a plasticizing co-monomer in the production of resins for pressure-sensitive adhesives, latex paints, reactive diluent/cross-linking agents, textile and leather finishes, and coatings for paper. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate, available as a technical-grade product that also contains incomplete reaction products, is used primarily in production of ultraviolet-curable inks, paint additives, coatings, and adhesives.

β-Picoline, a methyl pyridine, is widely used as a starting material for pesticides (e.g. chlorpyrifos) and pharmaceuticals (e.g. vitamin B3). It is also used as a flavouring substance in foods and beverages. Isobutyl nitrite is used an intermediate in the syntheses of solvents and fuels, and exposures also occur through its use as a recreational drug.

Exposure to all six agents considered may occur in the general population as well as in various occupational settings.

An IARC Monographs Working Group reviewed epidemiological evidence, animal bioassays, and mechanistic and other relevant data to reach conclusions as to the carcinogenic hazard to humans of environmental or occupational exposure to these agents.

Contents

• Note to the reader
• List of participants
• Preamble
• General remarks
• ISOBUTYL NITRITE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Measurement and analysis
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• β-PICOLINE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• METHYL ACRYLATE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• ETHYL ACRYLATE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Cohort studies of occupational exposure
    • 2.2. Case–control studies
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• 2-ETHYLHEXYL ACRYLATE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE TRIACRYLATE
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Identification of the agent
    • 1.2. Production and use
    • 1.3. Analytical methods
    • 1.4. Occurrence and exposure
    • 1.5. Regulations and guidelines
  • 2. Cancer in Humans
  • 3. Cancer in Experimental Animals
    • 3.1. Mouse
    • 3.2. Rat
  • 4. Mechanistic and Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion
    • 4.2. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
    • 4.3. Other adverse effects
    • 4.4. Data relevant to comparisons across agents and end-points
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Cancer in humans
    • 5.3. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Mechanistic and other relevant data
  • 6. Evaluation
    • 6.1. Cancer in humans
    • 6.2. Cancer in experimental animals
    • 6.3. Overall evaluation
  • References
• List of abbreviations
• Annex 1. Supplementary material for ToxCast/Tox21

This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 5–12 June 2018

Lyon, France - 2019

IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, lifestyle factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations. The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed. The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on the Internet at http://monographs.iarc.fr/.

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