Evaluates carcinogenic risks associated with human exposure to solar radiation and to ultraviolet radiation from medical and cosmetic devices, general illumination, and industrial sources. The main objective of the evaluation was to determine whether enough evidence is available to decide which segments of the radiation spectrum are responsible for its adverse effects. To this end, particular attention is given to data that shed light on the distinctive carcinogenic activity of ultraviolet A, B, and C radiation. In evaluating carcinogenic potential, the report also considers the importance of human constitutional risk factors, such as skin type, hair and eye colour, and specific subtypes of exposure, such as occupational and recreational exposures. More than 1,000 studies were critically assessed.

On the basis of a large body of evidence from human and experimental studies, the monograph concludes that solar radiation is carcino-genic to humans, causing cutaneous malignant melanoma and nonmelanocytic skin cancer. Evidence for the carcinogenicity of ultraviolet A, B, and C radiation was judged sufficient in experimental animals. All three segments of the radiation spectrum were classified as probably carcinogenic to humans. Use of sunlamps and sunbeds entails exposures that are probably carcinogenic to humans. The carcinogenicity of exposure to fluorescent lighting could not be determined. Studies of topical sunscreens are reviewed in an appendix, which concludes that, although effective in preventing sunburn, little is known about their protective value against harmful immuno-logical changes, photo-ageing, or skin cancer.

Contents

• NOTE TO THE READER
• LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
• IARC MONOGRAPHS PROGRAMME ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS PREAMBLE
• GENERAL REMARKS
• SOLAR AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
  • 1. Exposure Data
    • 1.1. Nomenclature
    • 1.2. Methods for measuring ultraviolet radiation
    • 1.3. Sources and exposures
  • 2. Studies of Cancer in Humans
    • 2.1. Solar radiation
    • 2.2. Artificial sources of ultraviolet radiation
    • 2.3. Premalignant conditions
    • 2.4. Molecular genetics of human skin cancers
  • 3. Studies of Cancer in Animals
    • 3.1. Experimental conventions
    • 3.2. Broad-spectrum radiation
    • 3.3. Sources emitting mainly UVB radiation
    • 3.4. Sources emitting mainly UVC radiation
    • 3.5. Sources emitting mainly UVA radiation
    • 3.6. Interaction of wavelengths
    • 3.7. Additional experimental observations
    • 3.8. Administration with known chemical carcinogens
    • 3.9. Interaction with immunosuppressive agents
    • 3.10. Molecular genetics of animal skin tumours induced by ultraviolet radiation
  • 4. Other Relevant Data
    • 4.1. Transmission and absorption in biological tissues
    • 4.2. Adverse effects (other than cancer)
    • 4.3. Photoproduct formation
    • 4.4. Human excision repair disorders
    • 4.5. Genetic and related effects
  • 5. Summary of Data Reported and Evaluation
    • 5.1. Exposure data
    • 5.2. Human carcinogenicity data
    • 5.3. Carcinogenicity in experimental animals
    • 5.4. Other relevant data
    • 5.5. Evaluation
    • 6. References
• SUMMARY OF FINAL EVALUATIONS
• GLOSSARY OF TERMS
• APPENDIX 1. TOPICAL SUNSCREENS
• 4. References
• PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER
• IARC MONOGRAPHS ON THE EVALUATION OF CARCINOGENIC RISKS TO HUMANS

Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.

Corrigenda to Volume 55. (PDF, 35K)

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