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Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, No. 78
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans.
This monograph evaluates the evidence for carcinogenicity of ionizing radiation from internally deposited radionuclides. The radionuclides considered in this monograph belong to two broad categories, those that emit a-particles (helium nuclei) and those that emit b-particles (electrons) during their primary radioactive decay.
For purposes of this monograph, 'internally deposited' refers to radionuclides in dispersed forms (e.g., dusts, suspensions, solutions, or gases) that enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, by some form of injection, or, in some cases, by percutaneous absorption. Radionuclides may also enter tissues within removable objects, such as radioactive beads, needles, etc. which may be implanted surgically for therapeutic purposes, or other kinds of fragments implanted accidentally. These kinds of exposures are not considered in this volume. Also not considered are radionuclides (e.g., iron-55, gallium-67) which undergo radioactive decay through processes that do not include emission of either a or b particles.
Radon and its decay products were previously evaluated in IARC Monographs Volume 43 (1988) as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). The subsequently published scientific literature on occupational and residential exposures to radon was reviewed and included in this volume as an update, but no re-evaluation of radon was considered necessary.
Six specific radionuclides of the elements radium, thorium, plutonium and phosphorus, plus mixed radionuclides of iodine, were evaluated as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) on the basis of sufficient evidence for increased risk of cancer in exposed individuals. These include radium-224, radium-226, radium-228, thorium-232 (administered in colloidal form as thorium-232 dioxide), plutonium-239 (exposure to which also entails exposure to plutonium-240 and other isotopes of plutonium), radioisotopes of iodine including iodine-131, and phosphorus-32. Evidence for increased cancer risk in exposed humans is from medical usage in the cases of radium-224, thorium-232 and phosphorus-32, and from occupational or accidental/environmental exposures for plutonium-239, radium-226 and radium-228, and the radioiodines.
In addition, the global evaluations of two broad categories of internally deposited radionuclides were made on the basis of carcinogenicity in experimental animals plus other relevant data: Internally deposited radionuclides that emit a particles are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Internally deposited radionuclides that emit b particles are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: X-and Gamma (g) Radiation, and Neutrons, Volume 75 of the Monographs addressed the carcinogenic potential of external X-rays, g-rays and neutrons in exposed populations (see overleaf).
Contents
- NOTE TO THE READER
- LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
- PREAMBLE
- GENERAL REMARKS
- SOME INTERNALLY DEPOSITED RADIONUCLIDES
- GLOSSARY
- SUPPLEMENTARY CORRIGENDA TO VOLUMES 1–77
Corrigenda to the IARC Monographs are published online at http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Publications/corrigenda.php.
Corrigenda to Volume 78. (PDF, 37K)
LIBRARY CATALOGUING DATA
This publication represents the views and expert opinions of an IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, which met in Lyon, 14–21 June 2000
Lyon, France - 2001
IARC MONOGRAPHS
In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations.
The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed.
The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on Internet: http://monographs.iarc.fr/
This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement 5 UO1 CA33193 awarded by the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1986 by the European Commission, since 1993 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and since 1995 by the United States Environmental Protection Agency through Cooperative Agreement Assistance CR 824264.
©International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2001
Distributed by IARCPress (Fax: +33 4 72 73 83 02; E-mail: rf.crai@sserp) and by the World Health Organization Distribution and Sales, CH-1211 Geneva 27 (Fax: +41 22 791 4857; E-mail: tni.ohw)@snoitacilbup)
Publications of the World Health Organization enjoy copyright protection in accordance with the provisions of Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention.
All rights reserved. Application for rights of reproduction or translation, in part or in toto, should be made to the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Ionizing radiation, Part 2, Some internally deposited radionuclides /
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2001 : Lyon, France)
(IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; 78)
1. Carcinogens – congresses 2. Neoplasms, radiation-induced, part 2 – congresses 3. Radioisotopes – congresses I. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans II. Series
ISBN 92 832 1278 9
(NLM Classification: W1)
ISSN 1017-1606
PRINTED IN FRANCE
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- [Radiation damages to the human lung].[Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. 2004][Radiation damages to the human lung].Gus'kova AK. Probl Tuberk Bolezn Legk. 2004; (3):41-3.
- [Lung injury caused by the inhalation of radioactive substances].[Prax Klin Pneumol. 1988][Lung injury caused by the inhalation of radioactive substances].Köhler D. Prax Klin Pneumol. 1988 Jun; 42 Suppl 1:263-6.
- Doses and lung cancer risks from exposure to radon and plutonium.[Int J Radiat Biol. 2014]Doses and lung cancer risks from exposure to radon and plutonium.Marsh JW, Harrison JD, Laurier D, Birchall A, Blanchardon E, Paquet F, Tirmarche M. Int J Radiat Biol. 2014 Nov; 90(11):1080-7.
- Review Cancer induction in man from internal radioactivity.[Health Phys. 1973]Review Cancer induction in man from internal radioactivity.Mays CW. Health Phys. 1973 Dec; 25(6):585-92.
- Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited RadionuclidesIonizing Radiation, Part 2: Some Internally Deposited Radionuclides
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