References

Publication Details

  1. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed.Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
  2. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed.rev. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1987.
  3. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed.Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1980.
  4. American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington: American Psychiatric Association; 1952.
  5. Babor TF, Hofmann M, DelBoca FK, et al Types of alcoholics I: Evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49:599–608. [PubMed: 1637250]
  6. Bischof T, Bucher J, Battig B, et al [Disulfiram in the treatment of alcoholic patients]. [German] Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax. 1995;84(23):698–702. [PubMed: 7784776]
  7. Bowens BJ, McBride WJ 5-HT2A receptor modulation of basal and ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in the posterior nucleus accumbens. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997;21(3)(Suppl.):–.
  8. Brewer C Recent developments in disulfiram treatment. Alcohol Alcohol. 1993;28:383–95. [PubMed: 8397520]
  9. Carboni E, Acquas E, Frau R, et al Differential inhibitory effects of a 5-HT3 antagonist on drug-induced stimulation of dopamine release. Eur J Pharmacol. 1989;164:515–9. [PubMed: 2767122]
  10. Chick J, Gough K, Falkowski W, et al Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. Br J Psychiatry. 1992;161: 84–9. [PubMed: 1638335]
  11. Clark DC, Fawcett J Does lithium carbonate therapy for alcoholism deter relapse drinking? Recent Dev Alcohol. 1989;7:315–28. [PubMed: 2494686]
  12. Cloninger CR Neurogenetic adaptive mechanisms in alcoholism. Science. 1987;236:410–6. [PubMed: 2882604]
  13. Coppen A, Noguera R, Baily J, et al Prophylactic lithium in affective disorders: a controlled trial. Lancet. 1971;ii:275–9. [PubMed: 4104974]
  14. Cornelius JR, Salloum IM, Ehler JG, et al Fluoxetine in depressed alcoholics. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(8):700–5. [PubMed: 9283504]
  15. Croop RSM, Faulkner EB, Labriola DFP The safety profile of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism. Results from a multicenter usage study. The Naltrexone Usage Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54:1130–5. [PubMed: 9400350]
  16. Dayhoff DA, Pope GC, Huber JG State variations in public and private alcoholism treatment at specialty substance abuse treatment facilities. J Stud Alcohol. 1994;55(5):549–60. [PubMed: 7990465]
  17. de la Fuente JR, Morse RM, Niven RG, et al A controlled study of lithium carbonate in the treatment of alcoholism. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1989;64(2):177–80. [PubMed: 2493536]
  18. Dorus W, Ostrow DG, Anton R, et al Lithium treatment of depressed and nondepressed alcoholics. JAMA. 1989;262(12):1646–52. [PubMed: 2504944]
  19. Finney JW, Monahan SC The cost-effectiveness of treatment for alcoholism: a second approximation. J Stud Alcohol. 1996;57(3):229–43. [PubMed: 8709580]
  20. Fuller RK, Branchey L, Brightwell DR, et al Disulfiram treatment of alcoholism. A Veterans Administration cooperative study. JAMA. 1986;256(11):1449–55. [PubMed: 3528541]
  21. Fuller RK, Roth HP Disulfiram for the treatment of alcoholism. An evaluation in 128 men. Ann Intern Med. 1979;90(6):901–4. [PubMed: 389121]
  22. Geerlings PJ, Ansoms C, Van den Brink W Acamprosate and prevention of relapse in alcoholics. Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in out-patient alcoholics in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Eur Addiction Res. 1997;3(3):129–37.
  23. Gerra G, Caccavari R, Delsignore R, et al Effects of fluoxetine and ca-acetyl-homotaurinate on alcohol intake in familial and nonfamilial alcoholic patients. Cur Therapeutic Res. 1992;52(2):291–5.
  24. Gorelick DA, Paredes A Effect of fluoxetine on alcohol consumption in male alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16(2):261–5. [PubMed: 1317133]
  25. Grant BF, Harford TC, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence of DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: United States, 1992. Alcohol Health Res World. 1994;18(3):243–8. [PMC free article: PMC6876405] [PubMed: 31798130]
  26. Grant BF, Harford TC, Hasin DS, et al DSM-III-R and the proposed DSM-IV for alcohol use disorders, United States, 1988. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16(2):215–21. [PubMed: 1590542]
  27. Hirschowitz J, Hitzemann R, Kovasznay B, et al Lithium antagonism of ethanol-induced intoxication: relationship to intracellular lithium levels. Psychiatry Res. 1989;29:55–63. [PubMed: 2505282]
  28. Hyytia P, Sinclair D Responding for oral ethanol after naloxone treatment by alcohol-preferring AA rats. Alcohol: Clin Exp Res. 1993;17:631–5. [PubMed: 8392818]
  29. Janiri L, Gobbi G, Mannelli P, et al Effects of fluoxetine at antidepressant doses on short-term outcome of detoxified alcoholics. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1996;11(2):109–17. [PubMed: 8803648]
  30. Jellinek EM Alcoholism, a genus and some of its species. J Can Med Ass. 1960;83:1341–5. [PMC free article: PMC1939063] [PubMed: 13789799]
  31. Johnsen J, Morland J Disulfiram implant: a double-blind placebo controlled follow-up on treatment outcome. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1991;15(3):532–6. [PubMed: 1877740]
  32. Johnsen J, Stowell A, Bache-Wiig JE, et al A double-blind placebo controlled study of male alcoholics given a subcutaneous disulfiram implantation. Br J Addict. 1987;82(6):607–13. [PubMed: 3300757]
  33. Jovell AJ, Navarro-Rubio MD [Evaluation of the Scientific Evidence]. [Bar] Medicina Clinica. 1995;105:740–3. [PubMed: 8523956]
  34. Judd LL, Hubbard RB, Huey LY, et al Lithium carbonate and ethanol induced "highs" in normal subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1977;34:463–7. [PubMed: 322635]
  35. Judd LL, Huey LY Lithium antagonizes ethanol intoxication in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry. 1984;141:1517–21. [PubMed: 6439054]
  36. Kabel DI, Petty F A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of fluoxetine in severe alcohol dependence: adjunctive pharmacotherapy during and after inpatient treatment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(4):780–4. [PubMed: 8800399]
  37. Kendler KS, Heath AC, Neale MC, et al A population-based twin study of alcoholism in women. JAMA. 1992;268:1877–82. [PubMed: 1404711]
  38. Kline NS, Wren JC, Cooper TB, et al Evaluation of lithium therapy in chronic and periodic alcoholism. Am J Med Sci. 1974;268:15–22. [PubMed: 4606532]
  39. Koob GF, Bloom FE Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence. Science. 1988;242:715–23. [PubMed: 2903550]
  40. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Brown J, et al Fluoxetine treatment seems to reduce the beneficial effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy in type B alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(9):1534–41. [PubMed: 8986200]
  41. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Del Boca FK, Babor TF, Korner P, Brown J, Bohn MJ Buspirone treatment of anxious alcoholics. A placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994;51(9):720–31. [PubMed: 8080349]
  42. Kranzler HR, Burleson JA, Korner P, et al Placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine as an adjunct to relapse prevention in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152(3):391–7. [PubMed: 7864265]
  43. Kranzler HR, Del Boca FK, Korner P, et al Adverse effects limit the usefulness of fluvoxamine for the treatment of alcoholism. J Subst Abuse Treat. 1993;10(3):283–7. [PubMed: 8315702]
  44. Ladewig D, Knecht T, Leher P, et al [Acamprosate -- a stabilizing factor in long-term withdrawal of alcoholic patients]. [German] Ther Umsch. 1993;50(3):182–8. [PubMed: 8475472]
  45. LeMarquand D, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C Serotonin and alcohol intake, abuse, and dependence: findings of animal studies. Biol Psychiatry. 1994;36:395–421. [PubMed: 7803601]
  46. Lhuintre JP, Daoust M, Moore ND, et al Ability of calcium bis acetyl homotaurine, a GABA agonist, to prevent relapse in weaned alcoholics. Lancet. 1985;1:1014–6. [PubMed: 2859465]
  47. Litten RZ, Allen J, Fertig J Pharmacotherapies for alcohol problems: a review of research with focus on developments since 1991. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:859–76. [PubMed: 8865961]
  48. Lohr KN Grading articles and evidence: issues and options. Final report submitted to the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (contract 290-97-0011). Research Triangle Park, NC: Research Triangle Institute; May 1998.
  49. Malcolm R, Anton RF, Randall CL, et al A placebo-controlled trial of buspirone in anxious inpatient alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1992;16(6): 1007–13. [PubMed: 1335217]
  50. Malec E, Malec T, Gagne MA, et al Buspirone in the treatment of alcohol dependence: A placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1996;20(2):307–12. [PubMed: 8730222]
  51. Mason BJ, Ritvo EC, Morgan RO, et al A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral nalmefene HCl for alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(5):1162–7. [PubMed: 7847600]
  52. McCrady BS, Langenbucher JW Alcohol treatment and health care system reform. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53:737–46. [PubMed: 8694687]
  53. McGinnis JM, Foege WH Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA. 1993;270(18):2207–12. [PubMed: 8411605]
  54. Merry J, Reynolds CM, Bailey J, et al Prophylactic treatment of alcoholism by lithium carbonate. A controlled study. Lancet. 1976;1(7984):481–2. [PubMed: 74457]
  55. Miller NS Pharmacotherapy in alcoholism. J Addict Dis. 1995;14(1):23–46. [PubMed: 7632745]
  56. Miller WR, Hester RK The effectiveness of alcoholism treatment methods: what research reveals.In: Miller WR, Heather N, editors. Treating addictive behaviors: processes of change. New York: Plenum Press; 1986.
  57. Morley JA, Finney JW, Monahan SC, Floyd AS Alcoholism treatment outcome studies, 1980-1992: methodological characteristics and quality. Addict Behav. 1996;21(4):429–43. [PubMed: 8830902]
  58. Morse RM, Flavin DK The definition of alcoholism. Joint Committee of the National Council of Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism. JAMA. 1992;268:1012–4. [PubMed: 1501306]
  59. National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse in the United States, 1992. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health; 1998.
  60. Ninth special report to the U.S. Congress on alcohol and health Chapter 1. Epidemiology of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences. Washington: Public Health Service; June 1997.
  61. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, et al Six-month follow-up of naltrexone and psychotherapy for alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(3):217–24. [PubMed: 8611058]
  62. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Chang G, et al Naltrexone and coping skills therapy for alcohol dependence. A controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(11):881–7. [PubMed: 1444726]
  63. O'Malley SS, Jaffe AJ, Rode S, et al Experience of a "slip" among alcoholics treated with naltrexone or placebo. Am J Psychiatry. 1996;153(2):281–3. [PubMed: 8561215]
  64. Paille FM, Guelfi JD, Perkins AC, et al Double-blind randomized multicentre trial of acamprosate in maintaining abstinence from alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol. 1995;30(2):239–47. [PubMed: 7662044]
  65. Peck CC, Pond SM, Becker CE, et al An evaluation of the effects of lithium in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. II. Assessment of the two-period crossover design. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1981;5(2):252–5. [PubMed: 7018306]
  66. Pelc I, Verbanck P, Le Bon O, et al Efficacy and safety of acamprosate in the treatment of detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. A 90-day placebo-controlled dose-finding study. Br J Psychiatry. 1997;170:73–7. [PubMed: 9328500]
  67. Poldrugo F Acamprosate treatment in a long-term community-based alcohol rehabilitation programme. Addiction. 1997;92(11):1537–46. [PubMed: 9519495]
  68. Pond SM, Becker CE, Vandervoort R, et al An evaluation of the effects of lithium in the treatment of chronic alcoholism. I. Clinical results. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1981;5(2):247–51. [PubMed: 7018305]
  69. Regier DA, Farmer ME, Rae DS, et al Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA. 1990;264:2511–8. [PubMed: 2232018]
  70. Rezvani AH, Pucilowski O, Grady DR, et al Reduction of spontaneous alcohol drinking and physical withdrawal by levemopamil, a novel Ca2+ channel antagonist, in rats. Pharmacol Biochem and Behav. 1993;46:365–71. [PubMed: 8265691]
  71. Rice DP The economic cost of alcohol and alcohol dependence: 1990. Alcohol Health Res World. 1993;17(1):10–1.
  72. Rice DP, Kelman S, Miller LS, et al The economic costs of alcohol and drug abuse and mental illness: 1985. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1986. [PMC free article: PMC1580246] [PubMed: 1905049]
  73. Rothman KJ Modern epidemiology. Boston: Little, Brown; 1986.
  74. Roussaux JP, Hers D, Ferauge M [Does acamprosate diminish the appetite for alcohol in weaned alcoholics?]. [French] J Pharm Belg. 1996;51(2):65–8. [PubMed: 8786520]
  75. Sass H, Soyka M, Mann K, et al Relapse prevention by acamprosate. Results from a placebo-controlled study on alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996;53(8):673–80. [PubMed: 8694680]
  76. Schuckit MA A one-year follow-up of men alcoholics given disulfiram. J Stud Alcohol. 1985;46(3):191–5. [PubMed: 4010293]
  77. Schuckit MA, Tipp JE, Smith TL, et al Periods of abstinence following the onset of alcohol dependence in 1,853 men and women. J Stud Alcohol. 1997;58:581–9. [PubMed: 9391917]
  78. Sellers EM, Toneatto T, Romach MK, et al Clinical efficacy of the 5-HT3 antagonist ondansetron in alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1994;18(4):879–85. [PubMed: 7978099]
  79. Spanagel R, Zieglgansberger W Anti-craving compounds for ethanol: New pharmacological tools to study addictive processes. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 1997;18:54–9. [PubMed: 9090311]
  80. Tiihonen J, Ryynanen OP, Kauhanen J, et al Citalopram in the treatment of alcoholism: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;29(1):27–9. [PubMed: 8852531]
  81. Umbricht-Schneiter A, Santora P, Moore RD Alcohol abuse: comparison of two methods for assessing its prevalence and associated morbidity in hospitalized patients. Am J Med. 1991;91(2):110–8. [PubMed: 1867236]
  82. Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M, et al Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1992;49(11):876–80. [PubMed: 1345133]
  83. Volpicelli JR, Rhines KC, Rhines JS, et al Naltrexone and alcohol dependence. Role of subject compliance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997;54(8):737–42. [PubMed: 9283509]
  84. Volpicelli JR, Watson NT, King AC, et al Effect of naltrexone on alcohol "high" in alcoholics. Am J Psychiatry. 1995;152:613–5. [PubMed: 7694913]
  85. Whitworth AB, Fischer F, Lesch OM, et al Comparison of acamprosate and placebo in long-term treatment of alcohol dependence. Lancet. 1996;34(9013):1438–42. [PubMed: 8676626]
  86. Whyte CR, O'Brien PM Disulfiram implant: a controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 1974;124(578):42–4. [PubMed: 4595630]
  87. Wilcox RE, McMillen BA The rational use of drugs as therapeutic agents for the treatment of the alcoholisms. Alcohol. 1998;15:161–77. [PubMed: 9476962]
  88. Wilde MI, Wagstaff AJ Acamprosate. A review of its pharmacology and clinical potential in the management of alcohol dependence after detoxification. Drugs. 1997;53:1038–53. [PubMed: 9179530]
  89. Wilson A, Blanchard R, Davidson W, et al Disulfiram implantation: a dose response trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45:242–7. [PubMed: 6202678]
  90. Wilson A, Davidson WJ, Blanchard R Disulfiram implantation: a trial using placebo implants and two types of controls. J Stud Alcohol. 1980;41(5):429–36. [PubMed: 6157943]
  91. Wilson A, Davidson WJ, Blanchard R, et al Disulfiram implantation. A placebo-controlled trial with two-year follow-up. J Stud Alcohol. 1978;39(5):809–19. [PubMed: 353387]
  92. Wilson A, Davidson WJ, White J Disulfiram implantation: placebo, psychological deterrent, and pharmacological deterrent effects. Br J Psychiatry. 1976;129:277–80. [PubMed: 786421]
  93. World Health Organization The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioral disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1993.
  94. Wozniak KM, Pert A, Linnoila M Antagonism of 5-HT3 receptors attenuates the effects of ethanol on extracellular dopamine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1990;187:287–90. [PubMed: 2272364]