IARC MONOGRAPHS

In 1969, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) initiated a programme on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans involving the production of critically evaluated monographs on individual chemicals. The programme was subsequently expanded to include evaluations of carcinogenic risks associated with exposures to complex mixtures, life-style factors and biological and physical agents, as well as those in specific occupations.

The objective of the programme is to elaborate and publish in the form of monographs critical reviews of data on carcinogenicity for agents to which humans are known to be exposed and on specific exposure situations; to evaluate these data in terms of human risk with the help of international working groups of experts in chemical carcinogenesis and related fields; and to indicate where additional research efforts are needed.

The lists of IARC evaluations are regularly updated and are available on Internet: http://monographs.iarc.fr/

This project was supported by Cooperative Agreement 5 UO1 CA33193 awarded by the United States National Cancer Institute, Department of Health and Human Services. Additional support has been provided since 1993 by the United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

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IARC Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Betel-quid and areca-nut chewing and some areca-nut-derived nitrosamines /

• IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2003 : Lyon, France)
• (IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans ; v. 85)
• 1. Areca – adverse effects 2. Carcinogens 3. Esophageal neoplasms 4. Mouth neoplasms 5. Neoplasms 6. Nitrosamines – toxicity 7. Pharyngeal neoplasms 8. Tobacco, smokeless I. IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans II. Series
• ISBN 92 832 1285 1 (NLM Classification: W1)
• ISSN 1017-1606
• PRINTED IN FRANCE

• 1 Betel quid stand at a Phnom Penh local market (provided by Peter Reichart)
• 2 Betel quid, unfolded
• 3 Betel quid, folded
• 4 Gutka, as commercially manufactured and sold in Southeast Asia
• 5 Pan masala, as commercially manufactured and sold in Southeast Asia
• 6 Lao-hwa areca nuts, as sold in Taiwan, China (provided by Peter Reichart)
• 7 Pan masala, as served in restaurants after the meal

Cover design by Georges Mollon, IARC